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| 2. |
- Andersson, Jan, et al.
(författare)
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Traffic safety effects when overtaking 30 meter trucks
- 2012
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Ingår i: Advances in Human Factors and Ergonomics 2012- 14 Volume Set. - : Taylor & Francis. - 146655262X - 9781466552623
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The purpose of this paper is to investigate if the introduction of extra-long and heavy trucks has an effect on traffic safety on Swedish roads, especially in relation to overtaking maneuvers. Traffic safety effects will be measured in terms of road user behavior concerning accelerations and time slots. First, focus group interviews with heavy truck drivers. Truck drivers that do not drive extra-long trucks believe that the introduction of extra-long trucks will create a number of traffic safety problems especially in terms of conflicts with ordinary road users. The drivers of extra-long trucks do not experience the problems that ordinary truck drivers predict. The problems they experience can be taken care of with more planning (thinking ahead). They also believe that the traffic sign on the back of the extra-long vehicle has a positive effect. The truck company, working environment and truck equipment are other important aspects mentioned by the drivers of the extra-long vehicles.The simulator study investigates overtaking situations on a 2+1-lane highway, with extra-long trucks (30.4 m) and ordinary trucks (18.75 m). The results reveal that the distance from the rear/front of the truck to the point where only one lane exists affects car drivers’ decision to overtake, independently of truck length. If the truck is in the relatively same position, the timeslot for a safe overtaking maneuver before next one-lane section was reduced significantly for extra-long trucks compared to ordinary trucks. The conclusion is that there exist small tendencies which point in the direction of enhanced traffic safety problems with the introduction of extra-long trucks. The results should, however, be interpreted with caution as the number of data points was few and collected in specific situations and in specific conditions. It was neither considered how the introduction of longer and heavier trucks, given a constant amount of goods, reduces the number of heavy trucks on the road network.
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| 3. |
- Andersson, Jan, et al.
(författare)
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Trafiksäkerhetspåverkan vid omkörning av 30-metersfordon
- 2011
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Trafikverket överväger att tillåta längre och tyngre fordon på vägarna förutsatt att de inte påverkar trafiksäkerheten negativt. Syftet med studien var att undersöka säkerhetseffekten av fordonslängd, speciellt med avseende på olycksrisken vid omkörningar. Intervjuade förare av en 30-meters timmerbil hade inte upplevt de farhågor som förare av normallånga lastbilar uttryckt i samband med trånga rondeller och korsningar, men de nämner betydelsen av stödjande åkeri, arbetsmiljö och fordonsutrustning. En simulatorstudie studerade bilförares omkörningar av ett 30- och ett 18,75-metersfordon på en 2+1-väg i situationen då två körfält går ihop till ett. Tidluckan till ett återstående körfält var i genomsnitt 0,2 s (sign.) kortare efter omkörningar av 30-metersfordonet i situationer då bakänden var i samma relativa position som för 18,75-metersfordonet vid början av omkörningen. En fältstudie analyserade videoinspelade omkörningar av en 30- och en 24-meters timmerbil på en 2+1-väg och en tvåfältig väg. Ingen signifikant skillnad i tidluckor kunde påvisas mellan omkörningar av de två fordonen för någon av vägtyperna. Det senare resultatet ska dock tolkas med försiktighet på grund av ojämnt distribuerad data som insamlats under specifika förhållanden. Slutsatserna är att det finns en liten tendens till negativ säkerhetseffekt vid omkörningar av längre fordon, och att fler fältstudier är nödvändiga.
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| 4. |
- Bianchi Piccinini, Giulio, 1982, et al.
(författare)
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How Do Drivers Respond to Silent Automation Failures? Driving Simulator Study and Comparison of Computational Driver Braking Models
- 2020
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Ingår i: Human Factors. - Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden.; Volvo Group Trucks Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden.; Virginia Tech Transportation Institute, Blacksburg, USA.; University of Leeds, UK.; VTI, Gothenburg, Sweden. : SAGE Publications. - 1547-8181 .- 0018-7208. ; 62:7, s. 1212-1229
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objective: This paper aims to describe and test novel computational driver models, predicting drivers’ brake reaction times (BRTs) to different levels of lead vehicle braking, during driving with cruise control (CC) and during silent failures of adaptive cruise control (ACC). Background: Validated computational models predicting BRTs to silent failures of automation are lacking but are important for assessing the safety benefits of automated driving. Method: Two alternative models of driver response to silent ACC failures are proposed: a looming prediction model, assuming that drivers embody a generative model of ACC, and a lower gain model, assuming that drivers’ arousal decreases due to monitoring of the automated system. Predictions of BRTs issued by the models were tested using a driving simulator study. Results: The driving simulator study confirmed the predictions of the models: (a) BRTs were significantly shorter with an increase in kinematic criticality, both during driving with CC and during driving with ACC; (b) BRTs were significantly delayed when driving with ACC compared with driving with CC. However, the predicted BRTs were longer than the ones observed, entailing a fitting of the models to the data from the study. Conclusion: Both the looming prediction model and the lower gain model predict well the BRTs for the ACC driving condition. However, the looming prediction model has the advantage of being able to predict average BRTs using the exact same parameters as the model fitted to the CC driving data. Application: Knowledge resulting from this research can be helpful for assessing the safety benefits of automated driving.
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| 5. |
- Canovi, Luca, et al.
(författare)
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Regulation knowledge presentation
- 2010
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The ASSET-Road project is focussing on improving road safety and road traffic by pushing different transportation stakeholders to interact between each other and integrating modern communication and sensing technologies. This deliverable is the result of the project tasks 3.1 (Regulation knowledge & awareness study), 3.2 (Situation identification & information presentation) and part of task 3.3 (Smart information provision Mechanism & HMI). In brief, objectives of the deliverable are: 1. to report the study conducted in task 3.1 where information about how deep drivers’ knowledge is (for truck and coaches drivers) have been collected in several countries in relation to road and safety regulations (e.g. speed limits on different roads, traffic rules, safety equipments, etc.). This is the first part of the document and includes two studies, the first one conducted in Europe and the second one conducted in Tanzania; a comparison between them is proposed; 2. to describe the smart In-Vehicle Information System specifications based on the requirements collected in WP1 (task 1.2 Users needs and requirements). In this section systems features are briefly introduced and the simulator study setup where the system will be tested is described, including scenario setup, situation identification and simulator iterations.
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| 6. |
- Dozza, Marco, et al.
(författare)
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MICA2 : Modelling Interaction between Cyclists and Automobiles 2
- 2023
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- FFI-projektet MICA (180401-191231) visade hur förarmodeller kan hjälpa automatiska bromssystem att bli smartare och aktiveras mer effektivt utan att kompromissa med föraracceptans. MICA2 har haft ett brett fokus på hela omkörningen då både aktiva och passiva säkerhetssystem har utvecklats och testats i projektet:Försäkringsdata och olycksdatabaser har analyserats för att identifiera olycksscenarion och olycksmekanismer för alla faser i omkörningen.Flera beteendemodeller har utvecklats för att hantera hela omkörningsmanövern vid simuleringar. Modellerna tar hänsyn till både förarens objektiva säkerhet, cyklistens perspektiv på situationen och den upplevda säkerheten för alla involverade trafikanter.Modellerna har använts för att utveckla och analysera aktivering av automatisk bromsning och -styrning i kritiska omkörningssituationer.Externa krockkuddar och expanderbara metallstrukturer för personbilar som kan lindra skadeutfallet hos cyklister har utvecklats och testats.En effektanalys av systemen har genomförts som visade att expanderbar metallstruktur på en bil kan minska risken för moderata/svåra huvudskador från 69% till 9%. Dessutom bedömdes att ett AEB-system med MICA2-modeller skulle kunna undvika 20% av omkörningsolyckorna helt.Nya metoder för datainsamling har utvecklats - som ger helt nya möjligheter att generera och verifiera beteendemodeller och att jämföra olika testmiljöer. Data har samlats in i både cykel- och körsimulatorer. Vidare har virtual realtity använts i ett experiment på provbana utan att äventyra deltagarnas säkerhet. Dessutom, genom att väva ihop indata från olika kamerasystem, har unika naturalistiska data samlats in med motorfordonsförare som kör om cyklister i verklig trafik.Resultaten från MICA2 gör det möjligt att utveckla nya säkerhetssystem, ger ny input till utveckling av experimentella procedurer i Euro NCAP och främjar säker interaktion mellan automatiserade fordon och cyklister.
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| 7. |
- Eriksson, Alexander, et al.
(författare)
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Drivers’ recovery performance in a critical run-off-road scenario : A driving simulator study
- 2018
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the 6th Humanist Conference, The Hague, Netherlands, 13-14 June 2018. - : HUMANIST Virtual Centre of Exellence.
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Single vehicle accidents are commonly caused by fatigue and distraction and resulting in severe casualties and high economic costs. In order to evaluate driver recovery from run-off-road accidents, comprising of 80% of fatal crashes on rural roads, a simulator study in an advanced full-motion driving simulator was carried out. Drivers were given a secondary task to perform at six positions down the road (to simulate distraction), and an artificial yaw deviation was added to the vehicle to induce a run-off-road accident whilst the driver was distracted. The results show that the severity of the recovery manoeuvre was larger than similar events caused by the failure of automated lane keeping systems, leading to lane departures. Furthermore, significant learning effects was found, providing recommendations for further studies into run-off-road experiments.
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| 8. |
- Espinoza, Fredrik, et al.
(författare)
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Intrusiveness management for focused, efficient, and enjoyable activities
- 2007
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Ingår i: The Disappearing Computer. - Berlin / Heidelberg : Springer. - 9783540727255 ; , s. 143-157
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- When technologies for distributed activities develop, in particular the rapidly developing mobile technology, a larger part of our time will be spent connected to our various distributed contexts. When we meet physically we bring technology, both artifacts and services, which enable us to participate in these non-local contexts. Potentially this is a threat to focused and efficient activities due to the intrusiveness of the technology. Our aim is to contribute to the restoration of a number of the desirable properties of traditional local technology-free contexts. The intrusiveness itself is caused by at least four typical phenomena that have influenced current technology: • Focus-demanding and clearly distinguishable artifacts like phones or PCs explicitly mediate interaction with the distributed context • The functionality of services is traditionally based upon the assumption that communication is a deterministic flow of passive information, which for example, does not include information of the participants´ current context • Services in general perform individually and without coordinated communication schemes • The switches between contexts introduce a high cognitive load as each distributed context typically has its own system of characteristic objects and rules. In the FEEL project, we have developed a system called “Focused, Efficient and Enjoyable Local Activities with Intrusiveness Management” (FEELIM) that constitutes an intermediate alternative between the technology-dense and technology-free environments, which addresses the problems cited above. This research is based on a collaborative and cooperative setting where problems of intrusiveness management are confounded by several users meeting and cooperating together as opposed to isolated users dealing with similar problems of interruption management (Chen 2004; Ho 2005).
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| 9. |
- Fagerlind, Helen, 1975, et al.
(författare)
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Development of an In-depth European Accident Causation Database and the Driving Reliability and Error Analysis Method, DREAM 3.0
- 2008
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Ingår i: 3rd International Conference ESAR (Expert Symposium on Accident Research). - Hannover, Tyskland.
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The SafetyNet project was formulated in part to address the need for safety oriented European road accident data. One of the main tasks included within the project was the development of a methodology for better understanding of accident causation together with the development of an associated database involving data obtained from on-scene or “nearly on-scene” accident investigations. Information from these investigations was complemented by data from follow-up interviews with crash participants to determine critical events and contributory factors to the accident occurrence. A method for classification of accident contributing factors, known as DREAM 3.0, was developed and tested in conjunction with the SafetyNet activities. Collection of data and case analysis for some 1 000 individual crashes have recently been completed and inserted into the database and therefore aggregation analyses of the data are now being undertaken. This paper describes the methodology development, an overview of the database and the initial aggregation analyses.
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| 10. |
- Hjort, Mattias, et al.
(författare)
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Trafiksäkerhetseffekter vid införande av längre och tyngre fordon : en kunskapsöversikt
- 2012
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This review concerns potential traffic safety effects from the introduction of longer and heavier trucks than those currently allowed in Sweden. For this purpose, a summary of results from accident studies, literature summaries and in-depth studies of fatal accidents involving heavy trucks done in the past few years was made. In addition, a focus group study with truck drivers was conducted and results from a parallel VTI study concerning overtaking of longer trucks have also been included in order to give an overall picture of the possible traffic safety effects associated with the introduction of longer and heavier trucks in Sweden.Following are some of the recommendations, based on the aspects that have been addressed in this report:Longer and heavier vehicles should mainly operate on main roads where it is possible to overtake heavy vehicles without fear of oncoming traffic. Longer and heavier vehicles should operate as little as possible in urban areas.•Longer and heavier vehicles shall be constructed for good stability, and be equipped with Electronic Brake System (EBS).•Longer and heavier vehicles puts greater demand on tires, brakes and especially maintenance and inspection.•Driver fatigue is a cause of an essential part of single-vehicle accidents with heavy vehicles. Drive and rest times may be harder to keep with the extra-long vehicles if rest areas, which are already today overcrowded along certain roads, are not extended.•The signs of the transition distance on 2+1 roads should be reviewed to possibly reduce the risk of dangerous situations and emergencies caused by overtaking of heavy vehicles.•Additional field studies on two-lane roads are necessary to determine whether there is a higher risk to overtake a 30 m long vehicle compared to overtaking a conventional heavy truck.
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