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| 2. |
- Andersson, Henrik C. M., et al.
(författare)
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Creep crack growth in service-exposed weld metal of 2.25Cr1Mo
- 2001
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Ingår i: International Journal of Pressure Vessels and Piping. - 0308-0161 .- 1879-3541. ; 78:11-12, s. 749-755
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Creep crack growth (CCG) has been studied for ex-service weld metal of 2.25Cr1Mo (P22). The testing was conducted at a temperature of 550degreesC and prior to testing, the material had been exposed to high temperature service for 110 000 h at 530 C. The results show a marked effect of the service exposure on the CCG properties of the material when compared to similar testing performed on a new material. The CCG rate was higher by a factor 3.1 in the service-exposed material, which should be compared to the model value of 3.2 based on the relations between the elongation values. The consumed deformation capacity was also estimated with the omega model for tertiary creep. In this case, an enhanced growth rate of 2.4 was obtained. Within a distance of about 10 mm in front of the propagating cracks, the number of creep cavities was significantly higher than in the surrounding material. The variation of the density of cavities as a function of distance from the crack tip was successfully modelled. (C) 2002 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd.
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| 3. |
- Andersson, Henrik C.M., et al.
(författare)
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Creep crackgrowth in ex service weld metal of 0.5CrMoV
- 1999
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Ingår i: Cape 99.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Accurate assessment of the integrity of high temperature components will be of ever increasing importance. The reason for this is that many power plants have reached and exceeded their design life and the number of detected defects increases. This is accentuated by the improvement of the methods for non-destructive testing which means that more and smaller defects will be detected. The possibility to assess the influence of defects on the integrity of high temperature components, will be of vital importance to maintain safe and cost effective power plants. The aim of the present work is to increase the understanding of the influence of service exposure on the remaining life of components in a high temperature plant. The investigation aims to creep test exserviceweld material, 14MoV 6 3, from a Swedish power plant. Thematerial has been in service for a period of about 80 000 hours at atemperature of 530-540 °C and with a nominal hoop stress of 52MPa.Both uniaxial and compact tension creep tests have been performedat a temperature of 550 °C. The stress range used was between 130MPa and 170 MPa for the uniaxial creep tests. For the creep crack growth tests the reference stress was ranging between 122 MPa and146 MPa. A remaining life assessment according to the R5 procedure is included, where material data from the present experimental study is used. The analysis suggests that a defect or a crack with a depth of 2 mm and a length of 5 mm can be left unattended for a season of service under the condition that the service parameters are not changed. A comparison with the assessment of cracks, found in the same plant as the material for the experimental studies came from, and their known extension during service, is included. A parametric study where load level and type of initial defect/crack are varied is also included.
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| 4. |
- Andersson-Östling, Henrik C.M., et al.
(författare)
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Influence of phosphorus, sulphur and grain size on creep in pure copper
- 2009
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Ingår i: Materials Science and Technology. - 0267-0836 .- 1743-2847.
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Uniaxial creep tests have been performed at 175 °C to study the influence of phosphorus, sulphur and grain size on the creep properties of oxygen free copper. Copper with no phosphorous content and copper with 2000 μm grain size showed lower creep strength and ductility than the reference material which contained 58 ppm phosphorous and had 350 μm average grain size. Phosphorous content of 29 and 106 ppm showed no difference in relation to the reference material, and neither did grain sizes of 100 and 800 μm average grain size. 6 or 12 ppm sulphur did not affect the creep properties at all. The main creep rupture mechanisms were found to be cavitation and microcracking at the grain boundaries. The observed influence of P on creep is consistent to previously published models both with respect to creep rate and creep ductility.
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| 5. |
- Andersson-Östling, Henrik C.M. 1966-
(författare)
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Mechanical Properties of Welds at Creep Activation Temperatures
- 2010
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Welds in materials intended for service at temperatures above the creep activation temperature often develop damage before the base metal. The weld is a discontinuity in the material and stresses and strains often accumulate in the weld. Knowledge of the properties of the weld is essential to the safe operation of the component containing the weld. The work in this thesis has been aimed at the study of welds in service at high temperatures: The work is divided into two main chapters. The first chapter deals with welds in stainlesssteels and dissimilar metal welds and includes three papers, and the second chapter dealswith welds in copper intended for nuclear waste disposal, also including three papers. Common to both parts is that the temperature is high enough for most of the damage in the welds to result from creep. In the first part the role of the weld microstructure on the creep crack propagation properties has been studied. Experiments using compact tension specimens have been performed on service exposed, low alloyed heat resistant steels. The results show good correlation with the crack tip parameter, C*, during steady state creep crack growth. The test methodology has also been reviewed and sensitive test parameters have been identified. The results from the creep crack propagation tests on service exposed material has been modeled using uniaxial creep data on both new and ex-service material. The development of the weld microstructure in a dissimilar metal weld between two heat resistant steels has also been investigated. A weld was made between one ferritic and one martensitic steel and the development of the microstructure during welding and post-weldheat treatments has been studied. The results show that the carbon depleted zone that develops near the weld metal in the lower alloyed steel depends on the formation and dissolution of the M23C6-carbide. Variations of the weld parameters and the post-weld heat treatment affect the size and shape of this zone. The process has been successfully modeled by computer simulation. The second part focuses on oxygen free copper intended for nuclear waste disposal containers. The containers are made with an inner core of cast nodular iron and an outer core of copper for corrosion protection. The copper shell has to be welded and two weld methods has been tested, electron beam welding and friction stir welding. Creep specimens taken from both weld types have been tested as have base metal specimens. The technical specifications of the waste canisters demand that the creep ductility of both the copper shell and the welds has to be as high as possible. The creep test results show that base material doped with at least 30 ppm phosphorus has high creep ductility, and friction stir welds made from this material has almost as high creep strength and creep ductility. Copper without phosphorus does not exhibit the same ductility. The creep properties evaluated from testing has been modeled and extrapolated for the intended purpose
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| 6. |
- Andersson-Östling, Henrik C.M., et al.
(författare)
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Testing and modelling of creep in copper friction stir welds
- 2009
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Ingår i: Materials Science and Technology. - 0267-0836 .- 1743-2847.
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Specimens cut from friction stir welds in copper canisters for nuclear waste have been used for creep experiments at 75°C. The specimens were taken from a cross-weld position as well as heat affected zone and weld metal. The weld specimens exhibited shorter creep lives than the parent metal specimens by a factor of three in time. The cross weld and HAZ specimens were shorter by an order of magnitude when compared to the weld metal. The creep exponent was in the interval 50 to 69 implying that the material was well inside the power-law breakdown regime. The ductility properties expressed as reduction in area were not significantly different in the weld zones and all the rupture specimens demonstrated valu esexceeding 80%. The stationary creep rate for the parent metal was consistent with a previously developed model. The primary creep was successfully modelled. Weld reduction factors have been obtained by comparing the results from base metal tests and weld tests. Measured values at 75 °C for are about 6% for friction stir welds and 14% for electron beam welds.
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| 7. |
- Bohnenkamp, U., et al.
(författare)
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Electrical resistivity of steels and face-centered-cubic iron
- 2002
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Ingår i: Journal of Applied Physics. - : AIP Publishing. - 0021-8979 .- 1089-7550. ; 92:8, s. 4402-4407
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Literature data for the electrical resistivity of austenitic and ferritic steels are analyzed in a model that takes into account their composition and microstructure. The resistivity in these systems is so high that one must allow for its saturation. That effect is described with the shunt-resistor model, and saturation at 1.68 muOmegam. Our analysis yields the contributions to the resistivity of austenite per weight percent from the solute elements N, C, Nb, Si, Ti, Cu, Ni, Cr, and Mo, with the contribution decreasing in this order. For ferrite, the contribution of the solute elements Si, Mn, Cu, Ni, Mo, and Cr was determined, with the contribution decreasing in this order. The data allow us to obtain the previously unknown resistivity of metastable pure gamma-iron (fcc Fe) near room temperature, and find an interpolation formula for the resistivity up to 1183 K where the gamma phase becomes stable. The resistivity in metastable gamma-iron is significantly larger than the resistivity in stable alpha-Fe (bcc Fe) below 1000 K. This difference is attributed to a strong electron scattering due to spin disorder in gamma-iron at intermediate temperatures.
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| 8. |
- Bohnenkamp, U., et al.
(författare)
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Evaluation of the density of steels
- 2000
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Ingår i: Steel research. - : Wiley. - 0177-4832. ; 71:3, s. 88-93
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Data on physical properties of steels have been collected from the open literature and put into a database. The influence of composition on the density of steels has been analyzed. An overview over former studies is given. The steels have been investigated by regression analysis in two groups, i) ferritic and low alloy steels, and ii) austenitic steels. For ferritic steels two models are provided. The first model is based on the assumption that all C is bound in cementite and other solutes are insoluble in cementite, The second model employs the result of a thermodynamic analysis where the amount of cementite and the solubilities in ferrite and cementite were determined with computational thermodynamics. The non-linear effect of Cr and Mn in cementite was computed and regression analysis of the effect of solutes on the density of ferrite was performed. For Ti-stabilized austenitic steels, the amount of TiC and the solubilities were assessed in a thermodynamic analysis. The effect of solutes on the density of austenite was studied by regression analysis. For estimations of the density of steels containing components that are not covered by the regression analysis, the regression coefficients can be supplemented with literature data or theoretically determined values. The results obtained by the present regression analysis are: Cu and Mo increase the density of ferritic steels, and C, Cr, Mn, S, Si, and V decrease it. TiC. C, Cr, Mn, N, Si, and Ti reduce the density of austenitic steels and Cu, Co. Mo, and Ni increase it.
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| 9. |
- Bohnenkamp, U., et al.
(författare)
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Evaluation of the elastic modulus of steels
- 2000
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Ingår i: Steel research. - : Wiley. - 0177-4832. ; 71:3, s. 94-99
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Literature data on the physical properties of steels have been collected and put into a database. The elastic modulus of steels has been analyzed as a function of composition. An overview over former studies is given. The steels have been investigated in three groups, martensitic and ferritic steels, ferritic steels separately, and austenitic steels. For the last two groups, a thermodynamic analysis with Thermo-Gale has been performed. Regression analysis on the influence of composition on the elastic modulus was then carried out. The results for ferritic steels reveal that cementite has no effect on the elastic modulus, whereas Cr, Mo, Si, Mn, and Cu increase it. The elastic modulus of austenitic steels is reduced by Ni and Mo and increased by N, NbC, TiC, and Cr. Cr23C6, while statistically significant in the analysis, has no effect on the elastic modulus of austenitic steels, The regression coefficients found can be used to predict the elastic modulus of steels with known composition.
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| 10. |
- Bohnenkamp, U., et al.
(författare)
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Evaluation of the electrical resistivity of steels
- 2000
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Ingår i: Steel research. - : Wiley. - 0177-4832. ; 71:10, s. 410-416
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Literature data on the physical properties of sleets have been collected and put into a database. The resistivity of steers has been analyzed as a function of composition and microstructure. An overview over former studies is given. The steels have been investigated in two groups, ferritic steels and austenitic steels. A thermodynamic analysis with ThermoCalc has been performed. Regression analysis on the influence of composition on the resistivity was then carried out. The results for ferritic steels are: Si and Al have the highest elemental resistivity, followed by Mn. Cu, Ni, Mo, and Cr. C precipitated in cementite shows a high coefficient in the analysis when the amount of Fe bound in cementite is not considered separately. C in solution with ferrite shows no significant effect. Cr bound in cementite shows a significant effect but Mn, though present in cementite in comparable amounts, has no significant effect on the resistivity. N and C have the highest elemental resistivity in austenite, followed by the substitutional solutes Nb, Si, Ti, Cu, Ni, Mo, and Cr. The carbides NbC and Tic appear with a higher coefficient in the regression model than can be explained by phase-mixture models providing upper and lower bounds for the resistivity of two-phase alloys. Cr23C6 shows no significant effect. The regression results can be used to predict the resistivity of steels with known composition. The model predicts the resistivity of ferritic steels with a maximum deviation between experimental and computed value of 12 n Omegam and a standard deviation of 5.6 n Omegam. For austenitic steels, the model prediction shows a maximum deviation of 52 mu Omegam and a standard deviation of 20 n Omegam.
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