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- Gimenez-Fernandez, Elena M., et al.
(författare)
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Exploring the dynamics of openness and formal appropriability and its impact on innovation performance in start-ups
- 2023
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Ingår i: R&D Management. - : Wiley. - 0033-6807 .- 1467-9310.
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A tension between openness and formal appropriability (FA) emerges in start-ups as they require both in order to attract investors or innovation partners, yet their limited resources are a challenge in this pursuit. This paper sheds light on this tension through the study of the dynamics of openness and formal appropriability over time and the impact of combining openness and formal appropriability mechanisms (FAMs) on innovation performance. Using a longitudinal panel sample of Spanish start-ups during a period of ten years, it is found that start-ups change their openness and formal appropriability strategies over their development and that a combination of openness and formal appropriability enhances start-ups' innovation performance. This combinative strategy is more relevant for start-ups during the early years of start-up growth, and if they have a high R&D intensity. The study contributes to literature that analyses the trade-off between openness and appropriability, and bridges entrepreneurship and open innovation literatures, providing valuable implications for managers.
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| 2. |
- Rendina, Francesco, et al.
(författare)
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Physiological response of the coralline alga Corallina officinalis L. to both predicted long-term increases in temperature and short-term heatwave events
- 2019
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Ingår i: Marine Environmental Research. - : Elsevier. - 0141-1136 .- 1879-0291. ; 150
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Climate change is leading to an increase of mean sea surface temperatures and extreme heat events. There is an urgent need to better understand the capabilities of marine macroalgae to adapt to these rapid changes. In this study, the responses of photosynthesis, respiration, and calcification to elevated temperature in a global warming scenario were investigated in the coralline alga Corallina officinalis. Algae were cultured for 7 weeks under 4 temperature treatments: (1) control under ambient-summer conditions (C, ~20 °C), (2) simulating a one-week heatwave of 1 °C (HW, Tcontrol+1 °C), (3) elevated temperature (+3, Tcontrol +3 °C), (4) combination of the two previous treatments (HW+3, T+3+1 °C). After exposure at T+3 (up to a Tmax of ~23 °C), respiration and photosynthesis increased significantly. After 5 weeks, calcification rates were higher at elevated temperatures (T+3 and THW+3) compared to Tcontrol, but at the end of the experiment (7 weeks) calcification decreased significantly at those temperatures beyond the thermal optimum (six-fold at T+3, and three-fold at THW+3, respectively). The same trend was noted for all the physiological processes, suggesting that a prolonged exposure to high temperatures (7 weeks up to T+3) negatively affect the physiology of C. officinalis, as a possible consequence of thermal stress. A one-week heatwave of +1 °C with respect to Tcontrol (at THW) did not affect respiration, photosynthesis, or calcification rates. Conversely, a heatwave of 1 °C, when combined with the 3 °C increase predicted by the end of the century (at THW+3), induced a reduction of physiological rates. Continued increases in both the intensity and frequency of heatwaves under anthropogenic climate change may lead to reduced growth and survival of primary producers such as C. officinalis.
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