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- Heinälä, M, et al.
(författare)
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Survey on European methodologies in the risk assessment of chemical exposures in emergency response situations
- 2013
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Survey on European methodologies in the risk assessment of chemical exposures in emergency response situations. Prevention or mitigation of human health effects is often the major determinant underlying chemical incident prevention policy and emergency response decisions. The ability to perform a human health risk assessment is a prerequisite for effective chemical incident prevention, preparedness and response. To identify knowledge gaps, needs and concerns relating to health risks from chemical incidents, a web-based survey was sent to various groups of stakeholders. The release of acutely toxic substances and irritating/corrosive substances appeared to be the most important risk scenario. Almost 40% of the respondents also expected a future increase of chemical terrorism or sabotage. Developments in nanotechnology were perceived as potential future risk drivers although more information is needed on the health hazards of nanoparticles. A high number of respondents also expressed concern for the consequences of globalization, international trade and higher industry efficiency demands on health risks through chemical incidents. Acute Exposure Reference Values (AERVs) were considered important cornerstones but a need was expressed for recommendations on their use for the management of chemical emergencies. Based on this survey, it is advised to develop European consensus on an authoritative methodology to derive AERVs, to design a process for their implementation and to provide guidance and training on their practical application. Attention should be paid to the widely used acutely toxic and irritating/corrosive substances, to specific endpoints such as carcinogenicity and reproductive toxicity and new and emerging chemicals. Research should focus on developing plausible scenarios for emerging human health risks from chemical incidents to allow better prioritisation of future risk assessments.
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- Stockmann-Juvala, H., et al.
(författare)
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Use of read-Across in the health risk assessment of ferrochromium alloys under reach
- 2010
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the 12th International Ferroalloys Congress. - 9789529273409 ; , s. 35-42
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- In REACH regulation there is a category of substances called special preparations, to which alloys belong. In the assessment of special preparations not only the bulk composition of an alloy, but also the way the constituent metals are bonded in the chemical matrix, shall be taken into account. The surface of the alloy may limit the ability of constituent metals to be released from the matrix and thus affect the toxicological profile of an alloy. Therefore, the surface characteristics and the release rates of metals shall be taken into account. Finnish Institute of Occupational Health has been carrying out REACH-compliant chemical safety assessment of ferrochromium in collaboration with International Chromium Development Association. Ferrochromium is composed mainly of chromium and iron with small amounts of other metals, e.g. nickel. Since almost no studies have been published on the health effects of ferrochromium, the assessment of ferrochromium should be based on its constituent metals. An approach used in this study included the use of data on surface composition and release of metal constituents from ferrochromium. The chromium oxide surface layer limits the release of nickel and other constituents from ferrochromium and affects the toxicological profile. As a result it can be concluded that ferrochromium alloys can be likened to chromium metal and stainless steel when assessing their health hazards. Thus, the risk assessment can be based largely on existing human, animal and in vitro toxicity data on chromium metal, chromium(III)oxide and stainless steel. By referring to this data, it was possible to make conclusions on health hazards of ferrochromium without need to carry out any new toxicity tests.
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