| 1. |
- Tobias, Deirdre K, et al.
(författare)
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Second international consensus report on gaps and opportunities for the clinical translation of precision diabetes medicine
- 2023
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Ingår i: Nature Medicine. - 1546-170X. ; 29:10, s. 2438-2457
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Precision medicine is part of the logical evolution of contemporary evidence-based medicine that seeks to reduce errors and optimize outcomes when making medical decisions and health recommendations. Diabetes affects hundreds of millions of people worldwide, many of whom will develop life-threatening complications and die prematurely. Precision medicine can potentially address this enormous problem by accounting for heterogeneity in the etiology, clinical presentation and pathogenesis of common forms of diabetes and risks of complications. This second international consensus report on precision diabetes medicine summarizes the findings from a systematic evidence review across the key pillars of precision medicine (prevention, diagnosis, treatment, prognosis) in four recognized forms of diabetes (monogenic, gestational, type 1, type 2). These reviews address key questions about the translation of precision medicine research into practice. Although not complete, owing to the vast literature on this topic, they revealed opportunities for the immediate or near-term clinical implementation of precision diabetes medicine; furthermore, we expose important gaps in knowledge, focusing on the need to obtain new clinically relevant evidence. Gaps include the need for common standards for clinical readiness, including consideration of cost-effectiveness, health equity, predictive accuracy, liability and accessibility. Key milestones are outlined for the broad clinical implementation of precision diabetes medicine.
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| 2. |
- Wilroth, Johanna, 1994-
(författare)
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Exploring Auditory Attention Using EEG
- 2024
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Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Listeners with normal-hearing often overlook their ability to comprehend speech in noisy environments effortlessly. Our brain’s adeptness at identifying and amplifying attended voices while suppressing unwanted background noise, known as the cocktail party problem, has been extensively researched for decades. Yet, many aspects of this complex puzzle remain unsolved and listeners with hearing-impairment still struggle to focus on a specific speaker in noisy environments. While recent intelligent hearing aids have improved noise suppression, the problem of deciding which speaker to enhance remains unsolved, leading to discomfort for many hearing aid users in noisy environments.In this thesis, we explore the complexities of the human brain in challenging auditory environments. Two datasets are investigated where participants were tasked to selectively attend to one of two competing voices, replicating a cocktail-party scenario. The auditory stimuli trigger neurons to generate electrical signals that propagate in all directions. When a substantial number of neurons fire simultaneously, their collective electrical signal becomes detectable by small electrodes placed on the head. This method of measuring brain activity, known as electroencephalography (EEG), holds potential to provide feedback to the hearing aids, enabling adjustments to enhance attended voice(s).EEG data is often noisy, incorporating neural responses with artifacts such as muscle movements, eye blinks and heartbeats. In the first contribution of this thesis, we focus on comparing different manual and automatic artifact-rejection techniques and assessing their impact on auditory attention decoding (AAD).While EEG measurements offer high temporal accuracy, spatial resolution is inferior compared to alternative tools like magnetoencephalography (MEG). This difference poses a considerable challenge for source localization with EEG data. In the second contribution of this thesis, we demonstrate anticipated activity in the auditory cortex using EEG data from a single listener, employing Neuro-Current Response Functions (NCRFs). This method, previously evaluated only with MEG data, holds significant promise in hearing aid development.EEG data may involve both linear and nonlinear components due to the propagation of the electrical signals through brain tissue, skull, and scalp with varying conductivities. In the third contribution, we aim to enhance source localization by introducing a binning-based nonlinear detection and compensation method. The results suggest that compensating for some nonlinear components produces more precise and synchronized source localization compared to original EEG data.In the fourth contribution, we present a novel domain adaptation framework that improves AAD performances for listeners with initially low classification accuracy. This framework focuses on classifying the direction (left or right) of attended speech and shows a significant accuracy improvement when transporting poor data from one listener to the domain of good data from different listeners.Taken together, the contributions of this thesis hold promise for improving the lives of hearing-impaired individuals by closing the loop between the brain and hearing aids.
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| 3. |
- Axholt, Magnus, et al.
(författare)
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Optical See-Through Head Mounted Display : Direct Linear Transformation Calibration Robustness in the Presence of User Alignment Noise
- 2010
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society. - Linköping : Linköping University Electronic Press. - 9780945289371
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The correct spatial registration between virtual and real objects in optical see-through augmented reality implies accurate estimates of the user’s eyepoint relative to the location and orientation of the display surface. A common approach is to estimate the display parameters through a calibration procedure involving a subjective alignment exercise. Human postural sway and targeting precision contribute to imprecise alignments, which in turn adversely affect the display parameter estimation resulting in registration errors between virtual and real objects. The technique commonly used has its origin incomputer vision, and calibrates stationary cameras using hundreds of correspondence points collected instantaneously in one video frame where precision is limited only by pixel quantization and image blur. Subsequently the input noise level is several order of magnitudes greater when a human operator manually collects correspondence points one by one. This paper investigates the effect of human alignment noise on view parameter estimation in an optical see-through head mounted display to determine how well astandard camera calibration method performs at greater noise levels than documented in computer vision literature. Through Monte-Carlo simulations we show that it is particularly difficult to estimate the user’s eyepoint in depth, but that a greater distribution of correspondence points in depth help mitigate the effects of human alignment noise.
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| 4. |
- Dahl, Victor Naestholt, et al.
(författare)
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Global trends of pulmonary infections with nontuberculous mycobacteria: a systematic review
- 2022
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Ingår i: International Journal of Infectious Diseases. - : Elsevier. - 1201-9712 .- 1878-3511. ; 125, s. 120-131
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objectives: To describe the global trends of pulmonary nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) infection and disease.Methods: A systematic review of studies including culture-based NTM data over time. Studies reporting on pulmonary NTM infection and/or disease were included. Information on the use of guideline-based criteria for disease were collected, in which, infection is defined as the absence of symptoms and radiological findings compatible with NTM pulmonary disease. The trends of change for incidence/prevalence were evaluated using linear regressions, and the corresponding pooled estimates were calculated.Results: Most studies reported increasing pulmonary NTM infection (82.1%) and disease (66.7%) trends. The overall annual rate of change for NTM infection and disease per 100,000 persons/year was 4.0% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 3.2-4.8) and 4.1% (95% CI: 3.2-5.0), respectively. For absolute numbers of NTM infection and disease, the overall annual change was 2.0 (95% CI: 1.6-2.3) and 0.5 (95% CI: 0.3-0.7), respectively. An increasing trend was also seen for Mycobacterium avium complex infection (n = 15/19, 78.9%) and disease (n = 10/12, 83.9%) and for Mycobacterium abscessus complex (n = 15/23, 65.2%) infection (n = 11/17, 64.7%) but less so for disease (n = 2/8, 25.0%).Conclusion: Our data indicate an overall increase in NTM worldwide for both infection and disease. The explanation to this phenomenon warrants further investigation.
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| 5. |
- Enflo, Kerstin, et al.
(författare)
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Regional convergence and divergence in Sweden, 1860–2010 : Evidence from Swedish historical regional GDP data
- 2018. - 1
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Ingår i: The Economic Development of Europe's Regions : A Quantitative History since 1900 - A Quantitative History since 1900. - London : Routledge. - 9780415723381 - 9780429449789 ; , s. 291-309
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Since industrialization, Sweden has experienced an amazing growth trajectory. In 1850, Sweden was a quite poor and peripheral country, with GDP levels close to the world’s average. One and a half centuries later, Sweden ranks among the richest countries in the world with GDP levels more than three times the world’s average (Schön 2013). Yet apart from a few case studies and some industry studies, little is known about the geographical evolution of Sweden’s growth process. This chapter will fill in the gap by presenting estimates of Swedish regional GDPs for 24 counties corresponding to NUTS 3 regions from 1860 to 2010. Using this data set, we will present descriptive evidence on processes of regional convergence and divergence and discuss some tentative explanations for these patterns.
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| 6. |
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| 7. |
- Enflo, Kerstin, et al.
(författare)
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Swedish regional GDP 1855-2000 Estimations and general trends in the Swedish regional system
- 2014
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Ingår i: Research in Economic History. - 0363-3268. ; 30, s. 47-89
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper uses a method devised by Geary and Stark to estimate regional GDPs for 24 Swedish provinces 1855-2007. In empirical tests, we find that the Swedish estimations yield results of good precision, comparable to those reported in the international literature. From the literature, we generate six expectations concerning the development of regional GDPs in Sweden. Using the GDP estimations, we test these expectations empirically. We find that the historical regional GDPs show a high correlation over time, but that the early industrialization process co-evolved with a dramatic redistribution of productive capacity. We show that the regional inequalities in GDP per capita were at their lowest point in modern history in the early 1980s. However, while efficiency in the regional system has never been as equal, absolute regional differences in scale of production has increased dramatically over our investigated period. This process has especially benefited the metropolitan provinces. We present detailed sources of our estimations and also sketch a research agenda from our results.
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| 8. |
- Günther, Sebastian, et al.
(författare)
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Smooth as steel wool : Effects of visual stimuli on the haptic perception of roughness in virtual reality
- 2022
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. - New York, NY, USA : Association for Computing Machinery (ACM). ; , s. 1-17
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Haptic Feedback is essential for lifelike Virtual Reality (VR) experiences. To provide a wide range of matching sensations of being touched or stroked, current approaches typically need large numbers of different physical textures. However, even advanced devices can only accommodate a limited number of textures to remain wearable. Therefore, a better understanding is necessary of how expectations elicited by different visualizations affect haptic perception, to achieve a balance between physical constraints and great variety of matching physical textures.In this work, we conducted an experiment (N=31) assessing how the perception of roughness is affected within VR. We designed a prototype for arm stroking and compared the effects of different visualizations on the perception of physical textures with distinct roughnesses. Additionally, we used the visualizations’ real-world materials, no-haptics and vibrotactile feedback as baselines. As one result, we found that two levels of roughness can be sufficient to convey a realistic illusion.
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| 9. |
- Gustafsson, Fredrik K., et al.
(författare)
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Accurate 3D Object Detection using Energy-Based Models
- 2021
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Ingår i: 2021 IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recogition Workshops (CVPRW 2021). - : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). - 9781665448994 ; , s. 2849-2858
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Accurate 3D object detection (3DOD) is crucial for safe navigation of complex environments by autonomous robots. Regressing accurate 3D bounding boxes in cluttered environments based on sparse LiDAR data is however a highly challenging problem. We address this task by exploring recent advances in conditional energy-based models (EBMs) for probabilistic regression. While methods employing EBMs for regression have demonstrated impressive performance on 2D object detection in images, these techniques are not directly applicable to 3D bounding boxes. In this work, we therefore design a differentiable pooling operator for 3D bounding boxes, serving as the core module of our EBM network. We further integrate this general approach into the state-of-the-art 3D object detector SA-SSD. On the KITTI dataset, our proposed approach consistently outperforms the SA-SSD baseline across all 3DOD metrics, demonstrating the potential of EBM-based regression for highly accurate 3DOD. Code is available at https://github.com/fregu856/ebms_3dod.
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| 10. |
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