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| 2. |
- Gaudin, J., et al.
(författare)
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Time-resolved investigation of nanometer scale deformations induced by a high flux x-ray beam
- 2011
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Ingår i: Optics Express. - 1094-4087. ; 19:16, s. 15516-15524
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We present results of a time-resolved pump-probe experiment where a Si sample was exposed to an intense 15 keV beam and its surface monitored by measuring the wavefront deformation of a reflected optical laser probe beam. By reconstructing and back propagating the wavefront, the deformed surface can be retrieved for each time step. The dynamics of the heat bump, build-up and relaxation, is followed with a spatial resolution in the nanometer range. The results are interpreted taking into account results of finite element method simulations. Due to its robustness and simplicity this method should find further developments at new x-ray light sources (FEL) or be used to gain understanding on thermo-dynamical behavior of highly excited materials. (C) 2011 Optical Society of America
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| 3. |
- Brack, Werner, et al.
(författare)
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Towards the review of the European Union Water Framework Directive : Recommendations for more efficient assessment and management of chemical contamination in European surface water resources
- 2017
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Ingår i: Science of the Total Environment. - : Elsevier BV. - 0048-9697 .- 1879-1026. ; 576, s. 720-737
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Water is a vital resource for natural ecosystems and human life, and assuring a high quality of water and protecting it from chemical contamination is a major societal goal in the European Union. The Water Framework Directive (WFD) and its daughter directives are the major body of legislation for the protection and sustainable use of European freshwater resources. The practical implementation of the WFD with regard to chemical pollution has faced some challenges. In support of the upcoming WFD review in 2019 the research project SOLUTIONS and the European monitoring network NORMAN has analyzed these challenges, evaluated the state-of-the-art of the science and suggested possible solutions. We give 10 recommendations to improve monitoring and to strengthen comprehensive prioritization, to foster consistent assessment and to support solution-oriented management of surface waters. The integration of effect-based tools, the application of passive sampling for bioaccumulative chemicals and an integrated strategy for prioritization of contaminants, accounting for knowledge gaps, are seen as important approaches to advance monitoring. Including all relevant chemical contaminants in more holistic chemical status assessment, using effect-based trigger values to address priority mixtures of chemicals, to better consider historical burdens accumulated in sediments and to use models to fill data gaps are recommended for a consistent assessment of contamination. Solution-oriented management should apply a tiered approach in investigative monitoring, to identify toxicity drivers, strengthen consistent legislative frameworks and apply solutions-oriented approaches that explore risk reduction scenarios before and along with risk assessment.
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| 4. |
- Demichev, Vadim, et al.
(författare)
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A time-resolved proteomic and prognostic map of COVID-19
- 2021
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Ingår i: Cell Systems. - : Elsevier BV. - 2405-4712 .- 2405-4720. ; 12:8, s. 780-794.e7
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- COVID-19 is highly variable in its clinical presentation, ranging from asymptomatic infection to severe organ damage and death. We characterized the time-dependent progression of the disease in 139 COVID-19 inpatients by measuring 86 accredited diagnostic parameters, such as blood cell counts and enzyme activities, as well as untargeted plasma proteomes at 687 sampling points. We report an initial spike in a systemic inflammatory response, which is gradually alleviated and followed by a protein signature indicative of tissue repair, metabolic reconstitution, and immunomodulation. We identify prognostic marker signatures for devising risk-adapted treatment strategies and use machine learning to classify therapeutic needs. We show that the machine learning models based on the proteome are transferable to an independent cohort. Our study presents a map linking routinely used clinical diagnostic parameters to plasma proteomes and their dynamics in an infectious disease.
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| 5. |
- Salis, Romana K., et al.
(författare)
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Effects of fungicides on aquatic fungi and bacteria : a comparison of morphological and molecular approaches from a microcosm experiment
- 2023
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Ingår i: Environmental Sciences Europe. - : Springer. - 2190-4707 .- 2190-4715. ; 35:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BackgroundFungicides are frequently used in agriculture and can enter freshwater ecosystems through multiple pathways. The negative impacts of fungicides on microorganisms, fungi in particular, and their functions such as leaf decomposition have been repeatedly shown. In our previous microcosm experiment with three consecutive cycles of fungicide exposure and colonisation of leaf substrate, we found clear functional changes, but no differences in fungal community structure could be detected using morphological identification by analysing the spores of aquatic hyphomycetes. In this study, we examined the effects on fungal and bacterial community composition in detail using ITS and 16S metabarcoding and comparing the results to morphologically assessed community composition.ResultsWhile we found fewer species with metabarcoding than with morphological identification, metabarcoding also enabled the identification of several fungal species that were otherwise unidentifiable morphologically. Moreover, by distinguishing individual amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) metabarcoding provided greater taxonomic resolution. In line with the morphological results, metabarcoding neither revealed effects of fungicides on the aquatic hyphomycetes nor on the total fungal or bacterial community composition. However, several ASVs responded significantly to fungicides, demonstrating variable tolerances within species.ConclusionsOverall, the absence of detectable effects of fungicides on the community structure despite clear functional effects, suggests a complex relationship between community structure and the ecosystem function of leaf decomposition.
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| 6. |
- Schreiner, Verena C., et al.
(författare)
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Pesticide mixtures in streams of several European countries and the USA
- 2016
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Ingår i: Science of the Total Environment. - : Elsevier BV. - 0048-9697 .- 1879-1026. ; 573, s. 680-689
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Given the multitude of pesticides used in agriculture, adjacent streams are typically exposed to pesticide mixtures. Previous studies analysed the ecological risks of a few pesticide mixtures or were limited to an individual region or crop, whereas a large scale analysis of pesticide mixtures is missing. We analysed routine monitoring data from Germany, France, the Netherlands and the USA comprising a total of 4532 sites and 56,084 sampling occasions with the aim to identify the most frequently detected pesticides, their metabolites and mixtures. The most frequently detected compounds were dominated by herbicides and their metabolites. Mixtures mostly comprised of two up to five compounds, whereas mixtures in the USA and France had clearly less compounds than those of Germany and the Netherlands. The number of detected pesticides and thereby the size of mixtures is positively correlated to the number of measured pesticides (r = 0.57). In contrast, a low relationship was found to the ratio of agricultural areas within the catchment (r = 0.17), and no relationship was found to the size of the catchment (r = 0.06). Overall, our study provides priority mixtures for different countries that may be used for future ecotoxicological studies to improve risk assessment for stream ecosystems.
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