| 1. |
- Benrick, Anna, 1979, et al.
(författare)
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Interleukin-6 gene knockout influences energy balance regulating peptides in the hypothalamic paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei.
- 2009
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Ingår i: Journal of neuroendocrinology. - : Wiley. - 1365-2826 .- 0953-8194. ; 21:7, s. 620-8
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Interleukin (IL)-6 is a pro-inflammatory cytokine that also affects metabolic function because IL-6 depleted (IL-6(-/-)) mice develop late-onset obesity. IL-6 appears to act in the central nervous system, presumably in the hypothalamus, to increase energy expenditure that appears to involve stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system. In the present study, we explored possible central mechanisms for the effects exerted by IL-6 on body fat. Therefore, we measured the effects of IL-6 depletion in IL-6(-/-) mice on expression of key hypothalamic peptide genes involved in energy balance by the real time polymerase chain reaction. Additionally, co-localisation between such peptides and IL-6 receptor alpha was investigated by immunohistochemistry. IL-6 deficiency decreased the expression of several peptides found in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN), which is a nucleus that has been attributed an adipostatic function. For example, corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH), which is reported to stimulate the sympathetic nervous system, was decreased by 40% in older IL-6(-/-) mice. Oxytocin, which is reported to prevent obesity, was also decreased in older IL-6(-/-) animals, as was arginine vasopressin (AVP). The IL-6 receptor alpha was abundantly expressed in the PVN, but also in the supraoptic nucleus, and was shown to be co-expressed to a high extent with CRH, AVP, oxytocin and thyrotrophin-releasing hormone. These data indicate that depletion of endogenous IL-6, a body fat suppressing cytokine, is associated with the decreased expression of CRH and oxytocin (i.e. energy balance regulating peptides) as well as AVP in the PVN. Because IL-6 receptor alpha is co-expressed with CRH, oxytocin and AVP, IL-6 could stimulate the expression of these peptides directly.
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| 2. |
- Gummesson, Anders, 1973, et al.
(författare)
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Relations of Adipose Tissue Cell Death-Inducing DFFA-like Effector A Gene Expression to Basal Metabolic Rate, Energy Restriction and Obesity: Population-based and Dietary Intervention Studies.
- 2007
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Ingår i: Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. - : The Endocrine Society. - 0021-972X .- 1945-7197. ; 92:12, s. 4759-65
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Context: Cell death-inducing DFFA-like effector A (CIDEA) could be a potential target for the treatment of obesity via the modulation of metabolic rate, based on the findings that CIDEA inhibits the brown adipose tissue uncoupling process in rodents. Objective: To investigate the putative link between CIDEA and basal metabolic rate in humans, and to further elucidate the role of CIDEA in human obesity. Design: We have explored CIDEA gene expression in adipose tissue in two different human studies: A cross-sectional and population-based study assessing body composition and metabolic rate (Mölndal Metabolic study, n=92), and a longitudinal intervention-study of obese subjects treated with a very low calorie diet (VLCD study, n=24). Results: The CIDEA gene was predominantly expressed in adipocytes as compared to other human tissues. CIDEA gene expression in adipose tissue was inversely associated with basal metabolic rate independently of body composition, age and gender (p=0.014). VLCD induced an increase in adipose tissue CIDEA expression (p<0.0001) with a subsequent decrease in response to refeeding (p<0.0001). Reduced CIDEA gene expression was associated with a high body fat content (p<0.0001) and with high insulin levels (p<0.01). No dysregulation of CIDEA expression was observed in individuals with the metabolic syndrome when compared with BMI-matched controls. In a separate sample of VLCD-treated subjects (n=10), uncoupling protein 1 expression was reduced during diet (p=0.0026) and inversely associated with CIDEA expression (p=0.0014). Conclusion: The findings are consistent with the concept that CIDEA plays a role in adipose tissue energy expenditure.
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| 3. |
- Hauer, Esther, et al.
(författare)
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Health and well-being among early career psychologists and social workers – compensatory resources in profiles of psychological work environments
- 2019
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Ingår i: Abstract Book of the 19th European Association of Work and Organizational Psychology Congress. ; , s. 1069-1069
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Stress-related sick leave is more common among psychologists and social workers than the general working population in Sweden. The transition from higher education to work-life seems to interact with the work environment to influence long-term health.Purpose: To explore how different profiles of psychosocial work environment variables relate to health and well-being among newly graduated social workers and psychologists.Methods: Of the 5213 surveys distributed, 2091 responses are included in this study (1248 social workers and 843 psychologists; 1742women, 331 men and 14 unknown). The cluster variables were selected among the context related resources surveyed: Professional isolation, (social support and stress during) Transition to work-life and Influence at work.Results: Of the eight context-related clusters, the two “best” clusters differed significantly from the two “worst” on almost every variable tested, including General Health and Life Satisfaction. The four clusters “in the middle” did not differ significantly from each other, except on the three cluster variables. As no differences were found in health and well-being, yet each of the “middle” clusters lacked in one or two of the cluster variables, indicates that some lacking resources can compensate for by the other(s). This finding is in line with the JD-R theory.Limitations: These results are based on cross-sectional self-reported survey data.Practical implications and originality: This large scale study puts focus on the context and the role of compensatory resources, opening up for fruitful health interventions.
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| 4. |
- Holmquist, Sofie, et al.
(författare)
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Dimensionality, invariance, and nomological network of the Need Satisfaction and Frustration Scale (NSFS) : an extensive psychometric investigation in a Swedish work cohort
- 2024
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Ingår i: Journal of Personality Assessment. - Philadelphia : Routledge. - 0022-3891 .- 1532-7752. ; 106:3, s. 396-406
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The present study evaluated the dimensionality, measurement invariance, and nomological network of the Need Satisfaction and Frustration Scale (NSFS) in a sample of Swedish workers. Using confirmatory factor analysis, exploratory structural equation modeling, and bifactor modeling, 30 different measurement models were evaluated cross-sectionally (n = 2123) and longitudinally (n = 1506). Measurement invariance was tested across gender and time. The nomological network of the NSFS was examined through its relations with life satisfaction and cognitive weariness. The findings supported a first-order six-factor ESEM model and measurement invariance of the Swedish version of the NSFS. Need satisfaction was positively related to life satisfaction and unrelated to cognitive weariness. Need frustration was negatively related to life satisfaction and positively related to cognitive weariness. The present study supported a six-factor structure of the Swedish NSFS, which appears suitable for assessing changes over time and gender differences in ratings.
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| 5. |
- Holmquist, Sofie, et al.
(författare)
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Low physical activity as a key differentiating factor in the potential high-risk profile for depressive symptoms in older adults
- 2017
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Ingår i: Depression and anxiety (Print). - : Hindawi Limited. - 1091-4269 .- 1520-6394. ; 34:9, s. 817-825
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: The identification of potential high-risk groups for depression is of importance. The purpose of the present study was to identify high-risk profiles for depressive symptoms in older individuals, with a focus on functional performance.METHODS: The population-based Healthy Ageing Initiative included 2,084 community-dwelling individuals (49% women) aged 70. Explorative cluster analysis was used to group participants according to functional performance level, using measures of basic mobility skills, gait variability, and grip strength. Intercluster differences in depressive symptoms (measured by the Geriatric Depression Scale [GDS]-15), physical activity (PA; measured objectively with the ActiGraph GT3X+), and a rich set of covariates were examined.RESULTS: The cluster analysis yielded a seven-cluster solution. One potential high-risk cluster was identified, with overrepresentation of individuals with GDS scores >5 (15.1 vs. 2.7% expected; relative risk = 6.99, P < .001); the prevalence of depressive symptoms was significantly lower in the other clusters (all P < .01). The potential high-risk cluster had significant overrepresentations of obese individuals (39.7 vs. 17.4% expected) and those with type 2 diabetes (24.7 vs. 8.5% expected), and underrepresentation of individuals who fulfilled the World Health Organization's PA recommendations (15.6 vs. 59.1% expected; all P < .01), as well as low levels of functional performance.CONCLUSIONS: The present study provided a potential high-risk profile for depressive symptoms among elderly community-dwelling individuals, which included low levels functional performance combined with low levels of PA. Including PA in medical screening of the elderly may aid in identification of potential high-risk individuals for depressive symptoms.
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| 6. |
- Holmström, Stefan, 1970-, et al.
(författare)
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Psychological flexibility as a buffer in early-career psychologists and social workers in Sweden
- 2018
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Rationale: The overall objectives of this research were to study the relationships between the transfer from higher education to working life for psychologists and social workers. We were interested in early career experiences of emotional demands, ability to influence work, and professional isolation. Finally, we expected psychological flexibility to be an important buffer in the performance of human services work and therefore investigated its potential moderating effect.Method: A postal survey was sent to 5213 psychologists and social workers in Sweden who had graduated within three years of the spring of 2017. There were 2514 respondents, and after exclusion criteria, a final sample consisted of 2224 participants (642 psychologists; 1582 social workers). The gender distribution shows that substantially fewer men participated.Results: The results of hierarchical multiple regressions with emotional exhaustion and physical fatigue and cognitive weariness as outcome variables explained 34.5% and 35% respectively. Significant main effects were found for emotional demands, influence, professional isolation and work-related psychological flexibility (-.15 (p<.001) for emotional exhaustion and physical fatigue respective -.27 (p<.001) for cognitive weariness); there was no significant effect for age and profession or any interaction terms.In a cluster analysis derived from perceived influence, professional isolation, and most recent transition, work-related psychological flexibility is one of the constructs which could distinguish between the different clusters.Implications: Our preliminary results show that work-related psychological flexibility affects emotional exhaustion and physical fatigue and cognitive weariness. By increasing psychological flexibility, we can decrease emotional exhaustion, and in turn buffer against work-related stress.
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| 7. |
- Holmström, Stefan, et al.
(författare)
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To what extent do work contexts affect personal resources – a one-year follow up on work-related psychological flexibility
- 2019
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Ingår i: Abstract Book of the 19th European Association of Work and Organizational Psychology Congress. ; , s. 1527-1527
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Employees often need to adapt to situational demands as well as shift their mindset, preferably supported by a broad and adaptable work-related behavioral repertoire. Early in their careers psychologists and social workers are still developing said repertoire, which tests their work related psychological flexibility. Considered a personal resource, psychological flexibility moderates workrelated stress. However, prolonged lack of personal and organizational resources would impair the development of adequate behavioral repertoires, possibly to the extent of hampering work related psychological flexibility.Purpose: We hypothesize that improved work-environment supports the development of relevant professional behavioral repertoires and strengthens work related psychological flexibility.Approach: In 2018 (P2) we sent a survey to 5176 newly graduated psychologists and social workers in Sweden, of whom approximately 3800 previously received our 2017 (P1) survey. We will use the P1 and P2 ratings of psychosocial work environment to sort participants into No-, Positive- and Negative-change categories respectively. Thereafter we will measure intra-individual changes in work-related psychological flexibility per category, as well as inter-group differences in P1 to P2 change.Preliminary results: In a cluster analysis on P1 data, results indicated that individuals in well-balanced work-environments rated their psychological flexibility higher than those in high-demands-low-resources contexts. Suspecting a direct or indirect influence of demands-resources (im)balance, we expect psychological flexibility at Point 2 to reflect changes in work-environment from Point 1 to Point 2.Limitations: All results are based on self-reported survey data.Practical implications and originality: Significant results would indicate that early career work-environment influences work-related psychological flexibility.
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| 8. |
- Lager, Susanne, 1978, et al.
(författare)
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Perinatal lack of maternal IL-6 promotes increased adiposity during adulthood in mice.
- 2011
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Ingår i: Endocrinology. - : The Endocrine Society. - 1945-7170 .- 0013-7227. ; 152:4, s. 1336-46
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The perinatal environment appears important in establishing metabolic phenotypes in adulthood. Mice deficient in IL-6 (IL-6(-/-)) tend to develop mature-onset obesity, but it is unknown whether perinatal exposure to IL-6 produced by the dam influences the metabolism of adult offspring. To address this issue, we monitored IL-6(-/-) offspring of IL-6(-/-) or IL-6(+/-) dams, as well as wild-type (WT) mice. At adult age, IL-6(-/-) mice weighed significantly more and had more body fat than WT mice, regardless of maternal genotype, and had lower insulin sensitivity. This phenotype was more pronounced in IL-6(-/-) offspring of IL-6(-/-) dams, because they gained weight significantly faster than IL-6(-/-) offspring of IL-6(+/-) dams and had more body fat and higher serum leptin levels at an earlier age. The leptin content was 2-fold higher in milk from IL-6(-/-) than WT dams. However, cross-fostering IL-6(-/-) mice with WT dams did not alter body weight, body composition, or adipocyte size at adult age compared with IL-6(-/-) mice fostered by IL-6(-/-) dams. Conversely, WT mice fostered by IL-6(-/-) dams weighed significantly more than those fostered by WT dams and had more body fat, larger adipocytes, and altered hypothalamic gene expression. We conclude that body fat of adult mice can be increased by perinatal exposure to factors affected by lack of maternal IL-6.
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| 9. |
- Nyroos, Mikaela, 1973-, et al.
(författare)
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Implementing test enhanced learning : Swedish teacher students’ perception of quizzing
- 2016
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Ingår i: International Journal of Higher Education. - : Sciedu Press. - 1927-6044 .- 1927-6052. ; 5:4, s. 1-12
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Given previous findings on test enhanced learning, the present study examined the implementation of this practice in terms of quizzing, during the progress of a course. After completing the university course, 88 Swedish teacher students were asked to answer an adapted Retrieval Practice and Test Anxiety Survey. The results showed that students perceived quizzing to improve learning, and reduce test anxiety. Nonetheless, based on students’ misconceptions regarding why quizzing actually enhances learning, it is suggested that implications of test enhanced learning was not fully conveyed. It is for educational purpose imperative to not forget this application.
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| 10. |
- Pienaar, Jaco, et al.
(författare)
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Supporting early-career psychologists and social workers: Psychological flexibility moderates between isolation at work and cognitive weariness
- 2018
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Ingår i: <em></em>.
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The focus of this paper falls on ‘new’ employees; more specifically, social workers who start their first position after their studies, and psychologists who start their first position after their one year of practical training, following completion of their studies. This work firstly makes the assumption that both social workers and psychologists are exposed to emotionally demanding situations in their work life – even from early on. Early on in a new chosen career may typically be the time when a new employee experiences the least ability to influence their work – for example whom they work with and what kinds of tasks they work on. Also, this may also very likely be the time such an employee feels most isolated from other professionals in the same occupation – One is typically employed for one’s unique skills, but works with other professionals, with different skills sets. Lastly, how successfully one perceives oneself to have transitioned from academic to professional life may be an influencing factor.A postal survey was sent to 5213 (respondents=2514, not target group=103, response rate 49%) psychologists and social workers in Sweden who had graduated within three years of the spring of 2017. In the analysis, psychology students who had not yet reached independent registration as psychologist were also excluded (Final sample=2224: 642 psychologists; 1582 social workers)The central hypothesis was that emotional demands, perceived influence at work, and experienced isolation at work may contribute to the burnout (as indicated by the dimensions of cognitive weariness and physical fatigue) of psychologists and social workers. The paper set out to investigate a regression model where work-related variables relates to two dimensions of burnout (physical fatigue and cognitive weariness). Work-related variables to consider were self-rated transition from studies to work, emotional demands, influence at work and professional isolation, and work-related psychological flexibility was considered as a moderator.Regarding physical fatigue, the results (34% explained variance) show that females and younger employees scored higher. Working as a psychologist vs. as social worker was not a significant predictor. In terms of the independent variables, a successful transition between studies and work (self-rated), emotional demands, influence at work, isolation at work and psychological flexibility all made significant direct contributions to physical fatigue. No evidence of moderation was found.Regarding cognitive weariness, the results (35% explained variance) show that females scored higher. Age, and whether employees were working as a psychologist vs. as a social worker were not significant. In terms of the independent variables, a successful transition between studies and work (self-rated), emotional demands, influence at work, isolation at work and psychological flexibility all made significant direct contributions to cognitive weariness. A test of interaction effect showed that there is a positive relationship between cognitive weariness and isolation at work, for individuals who also score low on psychological flexibility.
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