| 1. |
- Antona-Makoshi, Jacobo, et al.
(författare)
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Accident analysis to support the development of strategies for the prevention of brain injuries in car crashes
- 2018
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Ingår i: Accident Analysis and Prevention. - : Elsevier BV. - 0001-4575 .- 1879-2057. ; 117, s. 98-105
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study estimated the frequency and risk of Moderate-to-Maximal traumatic brain injuries sustained by occupants in motor vehicle crashes in the US. National Automotive Sampling System - Crashworthiness Data System crashes that occurred in years 2001–2015 with light vehicles produced 2001 or later were incorporated in the study. Crash type, crash severity, car model year, belt usage and occupant age and sex were controlled for in the analysis. The results showed that Moderate concussions account for 79% of all MAIS brain 2+ injuries. Belted occupants were at lower risks than unbelted occupants for most brain injury categories, including concussions. After controlling for the effects of age and crash severity, belted female occupants involved in frontal crashes were estimated to be 1.5 times more likely to sustain a concussion than male occupants in similar conditions. Belted elderly occupants were found to be at 10.5 and 8 times higher risks for sub-dural haemorrhages than non-elderly belted occupants in frontal and side crashes, respectively. Adopted occupant protection strategies appear to be insufficient to achieve significant decreases in risk of both life-threatening brain injuries and concussions for all car occupants. Further effort to develop occupant and injury specific strategies for the prevention of brain injuries are needed. This study suggests that these strategies may consider prioritization of life-threatening brain vasculature injuries, particularly in elderly occupants, and concussion injuries, particularly in female occupants.
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| 2. |
- Carlsson, Anna K, 1966, et al.
(författare)
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Dynamic kinematic responses of female volunteers in rear impacts and comparison to previous male volunteer tests
- 2011
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Ingår i: Traffic Injury Prevention. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1538-9588 .- 1538-957X. ; 12:4, s. 347-357
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objectives: The objective was to quantify dynamic responses of 50th percentile females in rear impacts and compare to those from similar tests with males. The results will serve as a basis for future work with models, criteria, and safety systems.Methods: A rear impact sled test series with 8 female volunteers was performed at velocity changes of 5 and 7 km/h. The following dynamic response corridors were generated for the head, T1 (first thoracic vertebra) and head relative to T1: (1) accelerations in posterior-anterior direction, (2) horizontal and vertical displacements, (3) angular displacements for 6 females close to the 50th percentile in size. Additionally, the head-to-head restraint distance and contact time and neck injury criterion (NIC) were extracted from the data set. These data were compared to results from previously performed male volunteer tests, representing the 50th percentile male, in equivalent test conditions. T-tests were performed with the statistical significance level of.05 to quantify the significance of the parameter value differences for the males and females.Results: At 7 km/h, the females showed 29 percent earlier head-to-head restraint contact time (p =.0072); 27 percent shorter horizontal rearward head displacement (p =.0017); 36 percent narrower head extension angle (p =.0281); and 52 percent lower NIC value (p =.0239) than the males in previous tests. This was mainly due to 35 percent shorter initial head-to-head restraint distance for the females (p =.0125). The peak head acceleration in the posterior-anterior direction was higher and occurred earlier for the females.Conclusions: The overall result indicated differences in the dynamic response for the female and male volunteers. The results could be used in developing and evaluating a mechanical and/or mathematical average-sized female dummy model for rear impact safety assessment. These models can be used as a tool in the design of protective systems and for further development and evaluation of injury criteria. © 2011 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.
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| 3. |
- Carlsson, Anna K, 1966, et al.
(författare)
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Dynamic Responses of Female Volunteers in Rear Impact Sled Tests at Two Head Restraint Distances
- 2021
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Ingår i: Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology. - : Frontiers Media SA. - 2296-4185. ; 9
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The objective of this study was to assess the biomechanical and kinematic responses of female volunteers with two different head restraint (HR) configurations when exposed to a low-speed rear loading environment. A series of rear impact sled tests comprising eight belted, near 50th percentile female volunteers, seated on a simplified laboratory seat, was performed with a mean sled acceleration of 2.1 g and a velocity change of 6.8 km/h. Each volunteer underwent two tests; the first test configuration, HR10, was performed at the initial HR distance ∼10 cm and the second test configuration, HR15, was performed at ∼15 cm. Time histories, peak values and their timing were derived from accelerometer data and video analysis, and response corridors were also generated. The results were separated into three different categories, HR10C (N = 8), HR15C (N = 6), and HR15NC (N= 2), based on: (1) the targeted initial HR distance [10 cm or 15 cm] and (2) whether the volunteers’ head had made contact with the HR [Contact (C) or No Contact (NC)] during the test event. The results in the three categories deviated significantly. The greatest differences were found for the average peak head angular displacements, ranging from 10° to 64°. Furthermore, the average neck injury criteria (NIC) value was 22% lower in HR10C (3.9 m2/s2), and 49% greater in HR15NC (7.4 m2/s2) in comparison to HR15C (5.0 m2/s2). This study supplies new data suitable for validation of mechanical or mathematical models of a 50th percentile female. A model of a 50th percentile female remains to be developed and is urgently required to complement the average male models to enhance equality in safety assessments. Hence, it is important that future protection systems are developed and evaluated with female properties taken into consideration too. It is likely that the HR15 test configuration is close to the limit for avoiding HR contact for this specific seat setup. Using both datasets (HR15C and HR15NC), each with its corresponding HR contact condition, will be possible in future dummy or model evaluation.
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| 4. |
- Carlsson, Anna K, 1966, et al.
(författare)
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Female volunteer motion in rear impact sled tests in comparison to results from earlier male volunteer tests
- 2008
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Ingår i: 2008 INTERNATIONAL IRCOBI CONFERENCEONTHE BIOMECHANICS OF INJURY17. – 19. September 2008– BERN (Switzerland)PROCEEDINGS. ; , s. 461-464, s. 461-464
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Vehicle related crashes causing neck injuries (whiplash) are costly and common, and injury statistic data shows a larger risk of neck injuries for females than for males. This study aims at investigating differences between female and male dynamic response in rear impacts. Rear impact sled tests with female volunteers were carried out and the results were compared with previously performed tests with males in matching test conditions. The volunteer tests were performed at a change of velocity of 7 km/h. The comparison of the average response of the males and the females and their response corridors showed several differences. The horizontal head acceleration peak value was on average 40% higher and occurred on average 18% earlier for the female volunteers compared to the male volunteers. The NIC value was 45% lower and 30% earlier for the females, probably due to a 27% smaller initial head-to-head restraint distance and thereby a 24% earlier head restraint contact. The results provide characteristic differences between dynamic responses of females and males in low speed rear impacts. These results contribute to the understanding of human dynamic response in rear impacts. In addition, they can be used in the process of future development if numerical and/or mechanical human models for crash testing.
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| 5. |
- Gales, Nathalie, et al.
(författare)
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Muscle pathologies after cervical spine distortion-like exposure-a porcine model
- 2013
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Ingår i: Traffic Injury Prevention. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1538-957X .- 1538-9588. ; 14:8, s. 828-834
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objective: Histological evaluation of porcine posterior cervical muscles after a forceful translational and extensional head retractionsimulating high-speed rear end impact.Methods: Four anesthetized pigs were exposed to a cervical spine distortion (CSD)-like motion in a lying position. After 2 differentsurvival times of 4 and 6 h (posttrauma), the pigs were euthanized and tissue sampling of posterior cervical muscles was performed.A standard histological staining method involving paraffin-embedded sections was used to analyze the muscles, focusing on injurysigns like hemorrhage and inflammatory cell reaction. A pig that was not subjected to impact was used as a control pig and wassubjected to the same procedure to exclude any potential artifacts from the autopsy.Results: The differentiation of 8 different posterior neckmuscles in the dissection process was successful in more than 50 percent foreach muscle of interest. Staining and valid analysis was possible from all extracted samples. Muscle injuries to the deepest posteriorneck muscles could be found, especially in the musculus obliquus samples, which showed laminar bleedings in 4 out of 4 samples.In addition, in 4 out of 4 samples we were able to see increased cellular reactions. The splenius muscle also showed bleeding in all 4samples.All animals showed muscle injury signs in more than three quarters of analyzed neck muscles. Differences between survival timesof 4 and 6 h in terms of muscular injury were not of primary interest and could not be found.Conclusions: By simulating a CSD-like motion we were able to confirm injuries in the posterior cervical muscles under severeloading conditions.
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| 6. |
- Linder, Astrid, et al.
(författare)
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ADSEAT - Adaptive Seat to Reduce Neck Injuries for Female and Male Occupants
- 2013
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Ingår i: Accident Analysis and Prevention. - : Elsevier BV. - 0001-4575 .- 1879-2057. ; 60, s. 334-343
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Neck injuries sustained in low severity vehicle crashes are of worldwide concern and the risk is higher for females than for males. The objective of the study was to provide guidance on how to evaluate protective performance of vehicle seat designs aiming to reduce the incidence of neck injuries for female and male occupants. The objective was achieved by reviewing injury risk, establishing anthropometric data of an average female, performing dynamic volunteer tests comprising females and males, and developing a finite element model, EvaRID, of an average female. With respect to injury criteria, it was concluded based on the tests that using NIC (with a lower threshold value) and Nkm (with reduced intercept values) for females would be a suitable starting point. Virtual impact simulations with seats showed that differences were found in the response of the BioRID II and EvaRID models, for certain seats. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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| 7. |
- Linder, Astrid, 1959, et al.
(författare)
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ADSEAT - Adaptive Seat to Reduce Neck Injuries for Female and Male Occupants
- 2012
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Ingår i: Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences. - : Elsevier BV. - 1877-0428. ; 48, s. 1907-1922
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Neck injuries due to low severity vehicle crashes are of worldwide concern and the risk is higher for females than for males. The objective of ADSEAT is to provide guidance on how to evaluate the protective performance of vehicle seat designs aiming to reduce the incidence of neck injuries for female and male occupants. The main achievements are: reviewing injury risk, establishing anthropometric data of an average female, performing dynamic volunteer tests comprising females and males, developing a finite element model of an average female and performing sled tests with a scaled down male dummy.
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| 8. |
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| 9. |
- Sato Sakayachi, Fusako, 1979, et al.
(författare)
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Investigation of Whole Spine Alignment Patterns in Automotive Seated Posture Using Upright Open MRI Systems
- 2016
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Ingår i: 2016 IRCOBI Conference Proceedings - International Research Council on the Biomechanics of Injury. ; , s. 113-130
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The purpose of this study is to investigate whole spinal alignment patterns in an automotive seated posture. Image data sets of eight female and seven male seated volunteers were acquired using upright open Magnetic Resonance Imaging systems. The images were processed to extract the whole spine alignment defined with the centres of the vertebral bodies. Patterns of the whole spine alignment were investigated through Multi‐Dimensional Scaling analyses. The analysis revealed that variations in the whole spine alignment due to individual differences were seen most remarkably in the combination of curvature of the cervical spinal alignment and degree of the thoracic kyphosis with its peak vertebra level. Subjects with cervical lordosis tended to have a pronounced thoracic kyphosis, with the peak of this kyphosis located at a lower vertebra level. Subjects with cervical kyphosis tended to have a less pronounced thoracic kyphosis, with the peak of this kyphosis at a higher vertebra level. These trends were also observed in the differences of average spinal alignments between males and females.
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| 10. |
- Sato Sakayachi, Fusako, 1979, et al.
(författare)
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Relationship Between Cervical, Thoracic, and Lumbar Spinal Alignments in Automotive Seated Posture
- 2019
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Ingår i: Journal of Biomechanical Engineering. - : ASME International. - 0148-0731 .- 1528-8951. ; 141:12
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between cervical, thoracic, and lumbar spinal alignments in one automotive occupant seated posture. An image data-set of the spinal column in the automotive seated posture, previously acquired by an upright open magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) system, was re-analyzed in this study. Spinal alignments were presented by the geometrical centers of the vertebral bodies extracted from the image data. Cervical, thoracic, and lumbar spinal alignments were analyzed separately with multidimensional scaling (MDS). Based on distribution maps of cervical, thoracic, and lumbar spinal alignments created by MDS, representative spinal alignment patterns of the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar spines and the relationship between cervical, thoracic, and lumbar spinal alignments were investigated. As a result, this study found a correlation between cervical and thoracic spinal alignments in an automotive occupant seated posture. According to representative spinal alignment patterns illustrated by the distribution map of spinal alignments, subjects who had kyphotic cervical spinal alignment tended to have less kyphotic thoracic spinal alignment, while subjects who had lordotic cervical spinal alignment tended to have more kyphotic thoracic spinal alignment. For lumbar spinal alignments, no prominent relationship was found between cervical and thoracic spinal alignment in the seated condition of this study.
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