| 1. |
- Flechard, Chris R., et al.
(författare)
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Carbon-nitrogen interactions in European forests and semi-natural vegetation - Part 1: Fluxes and budgets of carbon, nitrogen and greenhouse gases from ecosystem monitoring and modelling
- 2020
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Ingår i: Biogeosciences. - : Copernicus GmbH. - 1726-4170 .- 1726-4189. ; 17:6, s. 1583-1620
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The impact of atmospheric reactive nitrogen (N-r) deposition on carbon (C) sequestration in soils and biomass of unfertilized, natural, semi-natural and forest ecosystems has been much debated. Many previous results of this dC/dN response were based on changes in carbon stocks from periodical soil and ecosystem inventories, associated with estimates of N-r deposition obtained from large-scale chemical transport models. This study and a companion paper (Flechard et al., 2020) strive to reduce uncertainties of N effects on C sequestration by linking multi-annual gross and net ecosystem productivity estimates from 40 eddy covariance flux towers across Europe to local measurement-based estimates of dry and wet N-r deposition from a dedicated collocated monitoring network. To identify possible ecological drivers and processes affecting the interplay between C and N-r inputs and losses, these data were also combined with in situ flux measurements of NO, N2O and CH4 fluxes; soil NO3- leaching sampling; and results of soil incubation experiments for N and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, as well as surveys of available data from online databases and from the literature, together with forest ecosystem (BAS-FOR) modelling. Multi-year averages of net ecosystem productivity (NEP) in forests ranged from -70 to 826 gCm(-2) yr(-1) at total wet + dry inorganic N-r deposition rates (N-dep) of 0.3 to 4.3 gNm(-2) yr(-1) and from -4 to 361 g Cm-2 yr(-1) at N-dep rates of 0.1 to 3.1 gNm(-2) yr(-1) in short semi-natural vegetation (moorlands, wetlands and unfertilized extensively managed grasslands). The GHG budgets of the forests were strongly dominated by CO2 exchange, while CH4 and N2O exchange comprised a larger proportion of the GHG balance in short semi-natural vegetation. Uncertainties in elemental budgets were much larger for nitrogen than carbon, especially at sites with elevated N-dep where N-r leaching losses were also very large, and compounded by the lack of reliable data on organic nitrogen and N-2 losses by denitrification. Nitrogen losses in the form of NO, N2O and especially NO3- were on average 27%(range 6 %-54 %) of N-dep at sites with N-dep < 1 gNm(-2) yr(-1) versus 65% (range 35 %-85 %) for N-dep > 3 gNm(-2) yr(-1). Such large levels of N-r loss likely indicate that different stages of N saturation occurred at a number of sites. The joint analysis of the C and N budgets provided further hints that N saturation could be detected in altered patterns of forest growth. Net ecosystem productivity increased with N-r deposition up to 2-2.5 gNm(-2) yr(-1), with large scatter associated with a wide range in carbon sequestration efficiency (CSE, defined as the NEP/GPP ratio). At elevated N-dep levels (> 2.5 gNm(-2) yr(-1)), where inorganic N-r losses were also increasingly large, NEP levelled off and then decreased. The apparent increase in NEP at low to intermediate N-dep levels was partly the result of geographical cross-correlations between N-dep and climate, indicating that the actual mean dC/dN response at individual sites was significantly lower than would be suggested by a simple, straightforward regression of NEP vs. N-dep.
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| 2. |
- Sutton, Mark A., et al.
(författare)
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Dynamics of ammonia exchange with cut grassland : Synthesis of results and conclusions of the GRAMINAE Integrated Experiment
- 2009
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Ingår i: Biogeosciences. - Goettingen : Nicolaus Copernicus University Press. - 1726-4170 .- 1726-4189. ; 6:12, s. 2907-2934
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Improved data on biosphere-atmosphere exchange are fundamental to understanding the production and fate of ammonia (NH3) in the atmosphere. The GRAMINAE Integrated Experiment combined novel measurement and modelling approaches to provide the most comprehensive analysis of the interactions to date. Major intercomparisons of micrometeorological parameters and NH3 flux measurements using the aerodynamic gradient method and relaxed eddy accumulation (REA) were conducted. These showed close agreement, though the REA systems proved insufficiently precise to investigate vertical flux divergence. Grassland management had a large effect on fluxes: emissions increased after grass cutting (−50 to 700 ng m-2 s-1 NH3) and after N-fertilization (0 to 3800 ng m-2 s -1) compared with before the cut (−60 to 40 ng m-2 s -1). © Author(s) 2009.
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| 3. |
- Husted, Søren, et al.
(författare)
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Influence of nitrogen and sulphur form on manganese acquisition by barley (Hordeum vulgare)
- 2005
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Ingår i: Plant and Soil. - : Springer Netherlands. - 0032-079X .- 1573-5036. ; 268:1, s. 309-317
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The influence of various nitrogen (N) and sulphur (S) forms on the uptake of manganese (Mn) in young spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L cv Golf) plants was examined in both a hydroponic system and in a soil-based system. The soil was a typical Danish Mn-deficient soil viz. a sandy loam soil developed on old marine sediments. Plants growing in solution culture with NO3– as the only N source had a higher Mn uptake than plants receiving mixtures of NO3– and NH4+. These findings were opposite to the results obtained in the soil-based experiments, where plants fertilized with NO3– as the only N source accumulated much less Mn than plants fertilized with NH4+. Combining the results of these experiments confirmed that NH4+ acted as a powerful antagonist to Mn2+ during uptake but that this antagonistic effect was more than compensated for by the influence of NH4+ in reducing plant-unavailable Mn(IV) to plant-available Mn(II) in the soil. Furthermore the soil experiments showed that fertilizers containing sulphur in the form of reduced S (thiosulphate) had a strong mobilizing effect on Mn, and enabled the plants to accumulate large amounts of Mn in the biomass compared with oxidized S (sulphate). Thus, fertilization with thiosulphate may be very effective in alleviating Mn-deficiency in soils developed on old marine sediments where Mn availability is limiting plant growth.
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| 4. |
- Husted, Sören, et al.
(författare)
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Photorespiratory NH4+ Production in Leaves of Wild-Type and Glutamine Synthetase 2 Antisense Oilseed Rape
- 2002
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Ingår i: Plant Physiology. - Rockville : American Society of Plant Biologists. - 0032-0889 .- 1532-2548. ; 130:2, s. 989-998
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Exposure of oilseed rape (Brassica napus) plants to increasing leaf temperatures between 15°C and 25°C increased photorespiratory NH4+ production from 0.7 to 3.5 µmol m-2 s-1. Despite the 5-fold increase in the rate of NH4+ production, the NH4+ concentration in root and leaf tissue water and xylem sap dropped significantly, whereas that in the leaf apoplastic fluid remained constant. The in vitro activity of glutamine synthetase (GS) in both leaves and roots also increased with temperature and in all cases substantially exceeded the observed rates of photorespiratory NH4+ production. The surplus of GS in oilseed rape plants was confirmed using GS2 antisense plants with 50% to 75% lower in vitro leaf GS activity than in the wild type. Despite the substantial reduction in GS activity, there was no tendency for antisense plants to have higher tissue NH4+ concentrations than wild-type plants and no overall correlation between GS activity and tissue NH4+ concentration was observed. Antisense plants exposed to leaf temperatures increasing from 14°C to 27°C or to a trifold increase in the O2 to CO2 ratio did not show any change in steady-state leaf tissue NH4+ concentration or in NH3 emission to the atmosphere. The antisense plants also had similar leaf tissue concentrations of glutamine, glycine, and serine as the wild type, whereas glutamate increased by 38%. It is concluded that photorespiration does not control tissue or apoplastic levels of NH4+ in oilseed rape leaves and, as a consequence, that photorespiration does not exert a direct control on leaf atmosphere NH3 fluxes.
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| 5. |
- Manderscheid, Remy, et al.
(författare)
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Glufosinate treatment of weeds results in ammonia emission by plants
- 2005
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Ingår i: Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment. - Amsterdam : Elsevier. - 0167-8809 .- 1873-2305. ; 109:1-2, s. 129-140
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The herbicide glufosinate, which is also called phosphinothricin (PPT), is known to inhibit glutamine synthetase and thus causes a blockage of ammonium (re)assimilation in plants. The objective of the present study was to test whether application of this herbicide results in an ammonia volatilization from the plants and to quantify nitrogen loss via ammonia emission. Four different weed species (Chenopodium album, Echinocloa crus-galli, Solanum nigrum, Tripleurospermum inodorum) were grown as monocultures in the greenhouse and treated with PPT when their canopies covered the soil. In the first experiment, whole shoot samples were taken during the following days and analysed for ammonium, pH and total nitrogen content. In the second experiment, apoplastic pH and ammonium concentration of the leaves were measured after herbicide application and used for the calculation of Γ-values (ratio between NH4+ and H+ concentration), the stomatal NH3 compensation point and the canopy net NH3 flux with a soil vegetation atmosphere transport (SVAT) model.Herbicide treatment caused a rapid increase in shoot ammonium concentration and the ammonium portion of the plant total nitrogen ranged from 0.6 to 0.9% and from 17 to 44% before and after PPT application, respectively. S. nigrum showed a strong increase in ammonium portion (35%) followed by a decrease (20%), which may have resulted from ammonia volatilization. The difference in total shoot nitrogen content per ground area at the start and 2 weeks after PPT application averaged for the three C3 weed species to a nitrogen loss of ca. 0.4 g N m−2 or approximately 13% of the total nitrogen in the weed canopy. Analysis of the apoplastic fluid yielded an increase in ammonium concentration and a pH decrease after an initial increase on day 1 after the PPT treatment. In order to evaluate the potential for ammonia loss, the Γ-value was calculated for both apoplastic and tissue water. S. nigrum showed the most dramatic increases in both apoplastic and tissue–water Γ-values 4 days after PPT treatment. The calculated stomatal NH3 compensation point was strongly elevated after PPT treatment. However, temporal changes of apoplastic pH and ammonium concentration varied between the species and the modelled ammonia emission ranged from 0.03 to 0.09 g N m−2. It is concluded that PPT application results in an ammonia emission of ca.
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| 6. |
- Mattsson, Marie, 1960-, et al.
(författare)
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Senescence-induced changes in apoplastic and bulk tissue ammonia concentrations of ryegrass leaves
- 2003
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Ingår i: New Phytologist. - Oxford : Blackwell publishing. - 0028-646X .- 1469-8137. ; 160:3, s. 489-499
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Apoplastic and bulk tissue concentrations of NH4+ and H+ were measured during senescence of intact (attached) and excised ryegrass (Lolium perenne) leaves differing in nitrogen and carbon status. The potential for NH3 emission from the senescing leaves was estimated on the basis of the ratio between [NH4+] and [H+], designated the Γ-value, in apoplastic solution and bulk tissue.Attached leaves with visual symptoms of senescence showed two to three times higher [NH4+] and 0.5–1 unit lower pH in both apoplastic solution and bulk tissue extracts compared with green leaves. The Γ-values were, in all cases, low in attached leaves, ranging from 20 to 300 in the apoplastic solution and 500–900 in the bulk tissue.In excised leaves with high nitrogen status and low C : N ratio (≈ 10), apoplastic [NH4+] increased from around 40 µm to 2 mm after senescence in darkness for 4–9 d. Bulk tissue water [NH4+] increased in the same period to > 30 mm. Apoplastic Γ-values were in all cases < 1000, while bulk tissue Γ-values increased dramatically and reached more than 60 000 in high-nitrogen leaves.Ammonia compensation points predicted on the basis of apoplastic [NH4+] and pH in senescing leaves with high-nitrogen status reached 6–8 nmol mol-1 air. Consequently, senescing leaves may constitute a significant source of atmospheric NH3.
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| 7. |
- Schjoerring, Jan K., et al.
(författare)
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The regulation of ammonium translocation in plants
- 2002
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Ingår i: Journal of Experimental Botany. - : Oxford University Press. - 0022-0957 .- 1460-2431. ; 53:370, s. 883-890
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Much controversy exists about whether or not NH+4 is translocated in the xylem from roots to shoots. In this paper it is shown that such translocation can indeed take place, but that interference from other metabolites such as amino acids and amines may give rise to large uncertainties about the magnitude of xylem NH+4 concentrations. Elimination of interference requires sample stabilization by, for instance, formic acid or methanol. Subsequent quantification of NH+4 should be done by the OPA-fluorometric method at neutral pH with 2-mercaptoethanol as the reducing agent since this method is sensitive and reliable. Colorimetric methods based on the Berthelot reaction should never be used, as they are prone to give erroneous results. Significant concentrations of NH+4, exceeding 1 mM, were measured in both xylem sap and leaf apoplastic solution of oilseed rape and tomato plants growing with NO-3 as the sole N source. When NO-3 was replaced by NH+4, xylem sap NH+4 concentrations increased with increasing external concentrations and with time of exposure to NH+4. Up to 11% of the translocated N was constituted by NH+4. Glutamine synthetase (GS) incorporates NH+4 into glutamine, but root GS activity and expression were repressed when high levels of NH+4 were supplied. Ammonium concentrations measured in xylem sap sampled just above the stem base were highly correlated with NH+4 concentrations in apoplastic solution from the leaves. Young leaves tended to have higher apoplastic NH+4 concentrations than older non-senescing leaves. The flux of NH+4 (concentration multiplied by transpirational water flow) increased with temperature despite a decline in xylem NH+4 concentration. Retrieval of leaf apoplastic NH+4 involves both high and low affinity transporters in the plasma membrane of mesophyll cells. Current knowledge about these transporters and their regulation is discussed.
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