| 1. |
- Hilbert, Kevin, et al.
(författare)
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Cortical and Subcortical Brain Alterations in Specific Phobia and Its Animal and Blood-Injection-Injury Subtypes: A Mega-Analysis From the ENIGMA Anxiety Working Group.
- 2024
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Ingår i: The American Journal of Psychiatry. - 1535-7228.
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Specific phobia is a common anxiety disorder, but the literature on associated brain structure alterations exhibits substantial gaps. The ENIGMA Anxiety Working Group examined brain structure differences between individuals with specific phobias and healthy control subjects as well as between the animal and blood-injection-injury (BII) subtypes of specific phobia. Additionally, the authors investigated associations of brain structure with symptom severity and age (youths vs. adults).Data sets from 31 original studies were combined to create a final sample with 1,452 participants with phobia and 2,991 healthy participants (62.7% female; ages 5-90). Imaging processing and quality control were performed using established ENIGMA protocols. Subcortical volumes as well as cortical surface area and thickness were examined in a preregistered analysis.Compared with the healthy control group, the phobia group showed mostly smaller subcortical volumes, mixed surface differences, and larger cortical thickness across a substantial number of regions. The phobia subgroups also showed differences, including, as hypothesized, larger medial orbitofrontal cortex thickness in BII phobia (N=182) compared with animal phobia (N=739). All findings were driven by adult participants; no significant results were observed in children and adolescents.Brain alterations associated with specific phobia exceeded those of other anxiety disorders in comparable analyses in extent and effect size and were not limited to reductions in brain structure. Moreover, phenomenological differences between phobia subgroups were reflected in diverging neural underpinnings, including brain areas related to fear processing and higher cognitive processes. The findings implicate brain structure alterations in specific phobia, although subcortical alterations in particular may also relate to broader internalizing psychopathology.
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| 2. |
- Franke, Axel, et al.
(författare)
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Application of advanced laser diagnostics for the investigation of the ionization sensor signal in a combustion bomb
- 2005
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Ingår i: Applied Physics B. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0946-2171 .- 1432-0649. ; 81:8, s. 1135-1142
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The ionization sensor is an electrical probe for diagnostics in internal combustion engines. Laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) imaging of fuel, hydroxyl (OH), and nitric oxide (NO) distributions has been employed to extend our knowledge about the governing processes leading to its signal. By monitoring the flame propagation in quiescent and turbulent mixtures, the cycle-to-cycle variations in the early sensor signal was attributed to the stochastic contact between flame front and electrodes. An analysis of the relationship between gas temperature and sensor current in the post-flame gas suggests a dominant role of alkali traces in the ionization process at the conditions under study. Significant cooling of the burned gas in the vicinity of the electrodes was observed in quiescent mixtures. Imaging of the post-flame gas in turbulent combustion revealed moving structures with varying NO and OH concentrations, which were identified as sources of variation in the sensor current.
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| 3. |
- Goderis, Steven, et al.
(författare)
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Globally distributed iridium layer preserved within the Chicxulub impact structure
- 2021
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Ingår i: Science Advances. - : American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). - 2375-2548. ; 7:9
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Cretaceous-Paleogene (K-Pg) mass extinction is marked globally by elevated concentrations of iridium, emplaced by a hypervelocity impact event 66 million years ago. Here, we report new data from four independent laboratories that reveal a positive iridium anomaly within the peak-ring sequence of the Chicxulub impact structure, in drill core recovered by IODP-ICDP Expedition 364. The highest concentration of ultrafine meteoritic matter occurs in the post-impact sediments that cover the crater peak ring, just below the lowermost Danian pelagic limestone. Within years to decades after the impact event, this part of the Chicxulub impact basin returned to a relatively low-energy depositional environment, recording in unprecedented detail the recovery of life during the succeeding millennia. The iridium layer provides a key temporal horizon precisely linking Chicxulub to K-Pg boundary sections worldwide.
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| 4. |
- Horst, Axel, 1975-
(författare)
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Stable bromine isotopic composition of methyl bromide : Method development and applications
- 2013
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The isotopic composition of ozone depleting methyl halides may provide valuable information on the sources and sinks of these compounds. However, so far mostly stable carbon isotope analysis of methyl chloride and methyl bromide (CH3Br) has been attempted. Especially halogen isotope analysis has been hindered by the challenge to obtain sufficiently large amounts of methyl halides to meet the detection limits of existing isotope analytical methods. The purpose of this doctoral thesis was to develop both a high-volume cryogenic collection system for methyl bromide (Article II) and an analytical technique being able to analyze the sampled amounts of CH3Br for its Br isotopic composition, which was accomplished by using gas chromatography multiple-collector inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry (Article I). These methods were applied in the field campaign from which we report the first bromine isotopic values of CH3Br in the atmosphere (Article III), being in the range of -0.47 to + 1.75 ‰ vs. SMOB (Standard Mean Ocean Bromide). A laboratory study on pectin and halophyte plant material (Article IV) gave an insight in Br isotope composition of abiotically formed CH3Br which may be a main source to the atmospheric budget. These plant experiments yielded δ81Br values of 0 to -2 ‰ SMOB. Atmospheric CH3Br and this potential source showed partly distinct δ81Br ranges and demonstrate the potential of Br isotopes for source apportionment.
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| 5. |
- Moscatelli, Ilana, et al.
(författare)
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Gene therapy for infantile malignant osteopetrosis : review of pre-clinical research and proof-of-concept for phenotypic reversal
- 2021
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Ingår i: Molecular Therapy - Methods and Clinical Development. - : Elsevier BV. - 2329-0501. ; 20, s. 389-397
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Infantile malignant osteopetrosis is a devastating disorder of early childhood that is frequently fatal and for which there are only limited therapeutic options. Gene therapy utilizing autologous hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells represents a potentially advantageous therapeutic alternative for this multisystemic disease. Gene therapy can be performed relatively rapidly following diagnosis, will not result in graft versus host disease, and may also have potential for reduced incidences of other transplant-related complications. In this review, we have summarized the past sixteen years of research aimed at developing a gene therapy for infantile malignant osteopetrosis; these efforts have culminated in the first clinical trial employing lentiviral-mediated delivery of TCIRG1 in autologous hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells. Infantile malignant osteopetrosis (IMO) presents a highly unmet medical need with limited therapeutic options. Gene therapy utilizing autologous hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells represents a potentially advantageous therapeutic alternative for this disease. Here, we have summarized all nonclinical studies supporting the initiation of a clinical gene therapy trial for IMO.
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| 6. |
- Moscatelli, Ilana, et al.
(författare)
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Targeting NSG Mice Engrafting Cells with a Clinically Applicable Lentiviral Vector Corrects Osteoclasts in Infantile Malignant Osteopetrosis
- 2018
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Ingår i: Human Gene Therapy. - : Mary Ann Liebert Inc. - 1043-0342 .- 1557-7422. ; 29:8, s. 938-949
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Infantile malignant osteopetrosis (IMO) is a rare, lethal, autosomal recessive disorder characterized by nonfunctional osteoclasts. More than 50% of the patients have mutations in the TCIRG1 gene, encoding for a subunit of the osteoclast proton pump. The aim of this study was to develop a clinically applicable lentiviral vector expressing TCIRG1 to correct osteoclast function in IMO. Two mammalian promoters were compared: elongation factor 1α short (EFS) promoter and chimeric myeloid promoter (ChimP). EFS promoter was chosen for continued experiments, as it performed better. IMO osteoclasts corrected in vitro by a TCIRG1-expressing lentiviral vector driven by EFS (EFS-T) restored Ca2+ release to 92% and the levels of the bone degradation product CTX-I to 95% in the media compared to control osteoclasts. IMO CD34+ cells from five patients transduced with EFS-T were transplanted into NSG mice. Bone marrow was harvested 9–19 weeks after transplantation, and human CD34+ cells were selected, expanded, and seeded on bone slices. Vector-corrected IMO osteoclasts had completely restored Ca2+ release. CTX-I levels in the media were 33% compared to normal osteoclasts. Thus, in summary, evidence is provided that transduction of IMO CD34+ cells with the clinically applicable EFS-T vector leads to full rescue of osteoclasts in vitro and partial rescue of osteoclasts generated from NSG mice engrafting hematopoietic cells. This supports the continued clinical development of gene therapy for IMO.
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| 7. |
- Sjöberg, Sissel, et al.
(författare)
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Weather and fuel reserves determine departure and flight decisions in passerines migrating across the Baltic Sea
- 2015
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Ingår i: Animal Behaviour. - : Elsevier BV. - 1095-8282 .- 0003-3472. ; 104, s. 59-68
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Departure decisions of how and when to leave a stopover site may be of critical importance for the migration performance of birds. We used an automated radiotelemetry system at Falsterbo peninsula, Sweden, to study stopover behaviour and route choice in free-flying passerines departing on flights across the Baltic Sea during autumn migration. In addition, we had an offshore receiver station (FINO 2) located about 50 km southeast from Falsterbo. Of 91 birds equipped with radiotransmitters, 19 passed FINO 2. The probability that a departing migrant passed near FINO 2 was primarily affected by winds and timing of departure. Probably, the migrants were subjected to drift by westerly winds, leading to southeasterly flight paths and an enhanced probability of passing FINO 2. Most birds passing the offshore station departed early in the night, which indicates that southward departures across the Baltic Sea usually take place during this time window. Wind condition was the dominant factor explaining the variation in flight duration between Falsterbo and FINO 2. After considering wind influence, we found additional effects of fat score and cloud cover. Birds with a higher fat score performed the flight faster than leaner individuals, as did birds that departed under clear skies compared to birds departing during overcast skies. These effects may reflect a difference in migratory motivation and airspeed between lean and fat birds together with difficulties in controlling orientation in overcast situations on oversea flights when celestial cues are unavailable. Thus, winds, clouds and fuel reserves were the primary factors determining departure and flight decisions in passerine migrants at Falsterbo in autumn. (C) 2015 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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| 8. |
- Tichomirowa, Marion, et al.
(författare)
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Zircon (Hf, O isotopes) as melt indicator : Melt infiltration and abundant new zircon growth within melt rich layers of granulite-facies lenses versus solid-state recrystallization in hosting amphibolite-facies gneisses (central Erzgebirge, Bohemian Massif)
- 2018
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Ingår i: Lithos. - 0024-4937 .- 1872-6143. ; 302-303, s. 65-85
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In the central Erzgebirge within the Bohemian Massif, lenses of high pressure and ultrahigh pressure felsic granulites occur within meta-sedimentary and meta-igneous amphibolite-facies felsic rocks. In the felsic granulite, melt rich parts and restite form alternating layers, and were identified by petrology and bulk rock geochemistry. Mineral assemblages representing the peak P-T conditions were best preserved in melanocratic restite layers. In contrast, in the melt rich leucocratic layers, garnet and related HP minerals as kyanite are almost completely resorbed. Both layers display differences in accessory minerals: melanosomes have frequent and large monazite and Fe–Ti-minerals but lack xenotime and apatite; leucosomes have abundant apatite and xenotime while monazite is rare. Here we present a detailed petrographic study of zircon grains (abundance, size, morphology, inclusions) in granulite-facies and amphibolite-facies felsic gneisses, along with their oxygen and hafnium isotope compositions. Our data complement earlier UPb ages and trace element data (REE, Y, Hf, U) on zircons from the same rocks (Tichomirowa et al., 2005). Our results show that the degree of melting determines the behaviour of zircon in different layers of the granulites and associated amphibolite-facies rocks. In restite layers of the granulite lenses, small, inherited, and resorbed zircon grains are preserved and new zircon formation is very limited. In contrast, new zircons abundantly grew in the melt rich leucocratic layers. In these layers, the new zircons (UPb age, trace elements, Hf, O isotopes) best preserve the information on peak metamorphic conditions due to intense corrosion of other metamorphic minerals. The new zircons often contain inherited cores. Compared to cores, the new zircons and rims show similar or slightly lower Hf isotope values, slightly higher Hf model ages, and decreased oxygen isotope ratios. The isotope compositions (Hf, O) of new zircons indicate partial Hf isotope homogenization in the melt, and melt infiltration from an external source. New zircon was most likely formed by a peritectic reaction with melt above the wet solidus (peritectic zircon). Conversely, the amphibolite-facies host gneisses lack indications of significant melt production. Pre-metamorphic zircons experienced mainly solid-state recrystallization and variable Pb loss with only minor new zircon formation. However, subtle changes in cathodoluminescence pattern, in the Hf and O isotopes, and in the Lu/Hf, Yb/Hf ratios of zircons suggest that small volumes of melt were locally present. In difference to granulites, melt was internally produced. The detection of low degree melts (inferred from zircon geochemistry) is extremely important for the rheology because these amphibolite-facies rocks could act as large scale ductile shear zones. The new zircon data support a different P-T path for closely spaced amphibolite- and granulite-facies rocks.
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