| 1. |
- Baltaci, Aygun, et al.
(författare)
-
A Survey of Wireless Networks for Future Aerial Communications (FACOM)
- 2021
-
Ingår i: IEEE Communications Surveys and Tutorials. - : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). - 1553-877X. ; 23:4, s. 2833-2884
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Electrification turned over a new leaf in aviation by introducing new types of aerial vehicles along with new means of transportation. Addressing a plethora of use cases, drones are gaining attention in the industry and increasingly appear in the sky. Emerging concepts of flying taxi enable passengers to be transported over several tens of kilometers. Therefore, unmanned traffic management systems are under development to cope with the complexity of future airspace, thereby resulting in unprecedented communication needs. Moreover, the long-term increase in the number of commercial airplanes pushes the limits of voice-oriented communications, and future options such as single-pilot operations demand robust connectivity. In this survey, we provide a comprehensive review and vision for enabling the connectivity applications of aerial vehicles utilizing current and future communication technologies. We begin by categorizing the connectivity use cases per aerial vehicle and analyzing their connectivity requirements. By reviewing more than 500 related studies, we aim for a comprehensive approach to cover wireless communication technologies, and provide an overview of recent findings from the literature toward the possibilities and challenges of employing the wireless communication standards. After analyzing the proposed network architectures, we list the open-source testbed platforms to facilitate future investigations by researchers. This study helped us observe that while numerous works focused on cellular technologies to enable connectivity for aerial platforms, a single wireless technology is not sufficient to meet the stringent connectivity demands of the aerial use cases, especially for the piloting operations. We identified the need of further investigations on multi-technology heterogeneous network architectures to enable robust and real-time connectivity in the sky. Future works should consider suitable technology combinations to develop unified aerial networks that can meet the diverse quality of service demands of the aerial use cases.
|
|
| 2. |
- Cavdar, Cicek, 1977-, et al.
(författare)
-
Demonstration of an Integrated 5G Network in an Aircraft Cabin Environment
- 2018
-
Ingår i: 2018 IEEE/AIAA 37TH DIGITAL AVIONICS SYSTEMS CONFERENCE (DASC). - : IEEE. - 9781538641125 ; , s. 334-343
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The wireless communications finds many applications inside an aircraft cabin, in terms of Passenger and Crew Communications as well as Machine Type Communications (MTC). The aircraft cabin is a challenging environment and the different wireless technologies must be adequately tested and adapted to achieve maximum performance. In this regard, an aircraft environment has been analyzed in this paper for an in-cabin wireless system implementation and the measurement results have been further evaluated. This is an integrated system for the technologies of LTE, LAA and NB-IoT for the potential use-cases of Passenger Connectivity, On-Board Sensing, Cargo Tracking and Passenger Announcement. Results have then been summarized within the scope of this paper.
|
|
| 3. |
- Ergin, Dinc, et al.
(författare)
-
In-Flight Broadband Connectivity : Architectures and Business Models for High Capacity Air-to-Ground Communications
- 2017
-
Ingår i: IEEE Communications Magazine. - : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). - 0163-6804 .- 1558-1896. ; 55:9, s. 142-149
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In-flight broadband connectivity (IFBC) is a significant open market for mobile network operators considering more than 3.3 billion passengers being served by airlines in2015. On-board broadband services are provided via air-to-ground(A2G) connectivity through direct A2G communications(DA2GC) and satellite A2G communications (SA2GC). Available on-board connectivity systems have significant limitations: high latency in SA2GC and low capacity in DA2GC. The customer expectancy is multi-Mbps connections in every seat which leads to capacity requirements of Gbps to the aircraft. Creation of high capacity IFBC requires a collaborative interaction between different industrial partners. For this reason, we investigate A2Garchitectures in terms of economic and technical perspectives, and propose business models by identifying new roles and positioning them in the A2G business ecosystem. In addition, we provide an extensive summary of the state-of-the-art and future improvements for A2G communications.
|
|
| 4. |
- Hofmann, Sandra, et al.
(författare)
-
Combined Optimal Topology Formation and Rate Allocation for Aircraft to Aircraft Communications
- 2019
-
Ingår i: IEEE International Conference on Communications. - : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). - 9781538680889
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Providing broadband in-flight Internet connectivity to aircraft is challenging. Today's options include satellite communications (SC) and direct air-to-ground communication (DA2GC). To overcome data rate, delay and cost limitations of SC and coverage limitations of DA2GC, one can extend DA2GC with air-to-air communication (A2AC) by enabling multi-hop communication. To investigate the A2AC performance, we construct a mixed integer linear programming (MILP) problem of DA2GC and A2AC, jointly considering interference in topology formation and flow assignment. Our objective is to maximize the number of aircraft that can be connected with a given specific minimum data rate threshold. The evaluation is performed for low aircraft density scenarios over the North Atlantic. We show that in the investigated scenarios, over 90 % of aircraft can have at least 50 Mbps, some being up to 1600 kilometers away from the closest base station (BS). Furthermore, we identify antenna capabilities as an important factor for A2AC performance.
|
|
| 5. |
- Manzoor, Aunas, et al.
(författare)
-
Combined Airspace and Non-Terrestrial 6G Networks for Advanced Air Mobility
- 2024
-
Ingår i: 20th International Conference on the Design of Reliable Communication Networks, DRCN 2024. - : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). ; , s. 47-53
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Advanced Air Mobility (AAM) is defined as the transportation of goods and humans via aerial vehicles (AVs) for both urban and rural air mobility. For a safe and seamless operation of AVs, an ultra-reliable and low-latency communication (URLLC) service for their command and control link is desired. Combined Airspace and Non-Terrestrial Networks (ASN) have the potential to enable remote piloting for AAM to meet the stringent URLLC reliability and latency requirements of an AV. We propose to utilize multi-connectivity paths through direct-Air-To-ground communication (DA2GC), relaying AV s via air-To-Air communication (A2A), high altitude platform (HAP), and LEO satellites. We formulate an optimization problem for multi-connectivity path selection with their respective resource block (RB) allocation under limited resource constraints. The problem is solved by decomposing it into two sub-problems of multi-connectivity path selection and RB allocation. An efficient RB allocation scheme is proposed to allocate the limited RB resources of each path to the best AV s using the Knapsack al-gorithm. Next, we perform multi-connectivity selection to reduce the total cost by preferring the available low-cost paths while meeting the reliability requirements. Simulation results reveal that the proposed scheme can reduce up to 28 % of total cost by considering the differentiated cost for path selection as compared to the cost-Agnostic resource allocation.
|
|
| 6. |
- Meer, Irshad Ahmad, et al.
(författare)
-
Mobility Management for Cellular-Connected UAVs: Model Based Versus Learning Based Approaches for Service Availability
- 2024
-
Ingår i: IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management. - : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). - 1932-4537. ; , s. 1-1
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Mobility management for terrestrial users is mostlyconcerned with avoiding radio link failure for the edge users wherethe cell boundaries are defined. The problem becomes interestingfor an aerial user experiencing fragmented coverage in the sky andline-of-sight conditions with multiple ground base stations (BSs).For aerial users, mobility management is not only concerned withavoiding link failures but also avoiding unnecessary handoverswhile maintaining extended service availability, especially inup-link communication. The line of sight conditions from anUnmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) to multiple neighboring BSs makeit more prone to frequent handovers, leading to control packetoverheads and delays in the communication service. Depending onthe use cases, UAVs require a certain level of service availability,which makes their mobility management a critical task. Thecurrent mobility robustness optimization (MRO) procedure thatadaptively manages handover parameters to avoid unnecessaryhandovers is optimized only for terrestrial users. It needs tobe updated to capture the unique mobility challenges of aerialusers. In this work, we propose two approaches to accomplishthis: 1) A model based service availability-aware MRO wherehandover control parameters, such as handover margin and timeto trigger are tuned to maintain high service availability witha minimum number of handovers, and, 2) A deep Q-networkbased model free approach for decreasing unnecessary handoverswhile maintaining high service availability. Simulation resultsdemonstrate that both the proposed algorithms converge promptlyand increase the service availability by more than 40% while thenumber of handovers is reduced by more than 50% as comparedto traditional approaches.
|
|
| 7. |
- Ozger, Mustafa, et al.
(författare)
-
6G for Connected Sky : A Vision for Integrating Terrestrial and Non-Terrestrial Networks
- 2023
-
Ingår i: 2023 Joint European Conference on Networks and Communications and 6G Summit, EuCNC/6G Summit 2023. - : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). ; , s. 711-716
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this paper, we present the vision of our project 6G for Connected Sky (6G-SKY) to integrate terrestrial networks (TNs) and non-terrestrial networks (NTNs) and outline the current research activities in 6G research projects in comparison with our project. From the perspectives of industry and academia, we identify key use case segments connecting both aerial and ground users with our 6G-SKY multi-layer network architecture. We explain functional views of our holistic 6G-SKY architecture addressing the heterogeneity of aerial and space platforms. Architecture elements and communication links are identified. We discuss 6G-SKY network design and management functionalities by considering a set of inherent challenges posed by the multi-layer 3-dimensional networks, which we termed as combined airspace and NTN (combined ASN). Finally, we investigate additional research challenges for 6G-SKY project targets.
|
|
| 8. |
- Tavana, Morteza, et al.
(författare)
-
Wireless Power Transfer for Aircraft IoT Applications : System Design and Measurements
- 2021
-
Ingår i: IEEE Internet of Things Journal. - : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). - 2327-4662. ; 8:15, s. 11834-11846
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Sensors currently deployed on board have wired connectivity, which increases weight and maintenance costs for aircraft. Removing cables for wireless communications of sensors on board alleviates the cost, however, the powering of sensors becomes a challenge inside aircraft. Wireless power transfer (WPT) via radio-frequency (RF) signals is an emerging solution to remotely power sensors for battery-less operation with long-lived capacitors. In this article, we design a WPT system for aircraft IoT-type applications, including low data rate inside (LI) sensors by determining the number, location, and tilt angles of WPT transmitters given constraints based on the cabin geometry and duty cycle of the sensors. We formulate a robust optimization problem to address the WPT system design under channel uncertainties. We also derive an equivalent integer linear programming and solve that for an optimal deployment to satisfy the duty cycle requirements of LI sensors. We perform experiments inside the cabin to validate the wireless avionics intracommunications channel model. Our simulations demonstrate the feasibility of 90% robust design with 14 WPT transmitters for duty cycles less than 0.1% while keeping the human radiation exposure below the recommended reference value of 4.57 W/m(2).
|
|
| 9. |
- Tavana, Morteza, et al.
(författare)
-
Wireless Power Transfer System Design for Low-Rate In-Cabin Applications
- 2021
-
Ingår i: IEEE ICCE 2020. 2020 IEEE Eighth international conference on communications and electronics (ICCE). - : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). ; , s. 235-240
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Radio-frequency (RF) wireless power transfer (WPT) is an emerging technology to replace conventional wired or battery-powered systems. In this paper, we investigate the feasibility of the RF wireless powering of sensors in wireless avionics Intra-communications (WAIC) applications. The main focus is on remote powering WAIC low date rate sensors located Inside the aircraft (LI sensors). One important question is how to deploy WPT transmitters inside aircraft given the fact that the WPT transmitters can only be placed in certain positions. Our objective is to find the least number of WPT transmitters and corresponding positions for them to provide the required energy for each sensor and to satisfy certain levels of duty cycles. We convert the problem into an integer linear programming (ILP) and solve it with known ILP tools. Our simulations illustrate the feasibility of powering LI sensors with 22 transmitters for duty cycles less than 1% while keeping the human radiation exposure below the recommended reference value of 4.57 W/m(2).
|
|
| 10. |
- Tomic, David, et al.
(författare)
-
Quality of Service Aware Traffic Management for Aircraft Communications
- 2020
-
Ingår i: Proceedings of the IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference. - : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE).
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- In-flight Internet connectivity is a necessity for aircraft passengers as well as aircraft systems. It is challenging to satisfy required quality of service (QoS) levels for flows within aircraft due to the large number of users and the highly varying air to ground (A2G) link capacities composed of satellite and direct air to ground communication (DA2GC). To represent service quality variations, we propose models for the generated traffic flows from aircraft and variations in A2G links. We present three different forwarding schemes based on priority, delay requirements and history of the dropped flows metrics. Forwarding schemes schedule the flows in real time by choosing either satellite or direct air to ground link depending on the delay and capacity requirements of flows to maximize the number of accepted flows with required QoS guarantees in terms of dropped packets and delay. Also, the effect of local caching is studied to fully satisfy the QoS requirement of flows in simulated flights. We implement the forwarding procedures and caching in ns-3 and test their performance in a current connectivity scenario of 100 Mbps capacity for both the satellite spot and ground base station in a one-hour flight. Our study shows that although the forwarding procedure based on a combination of priority and delay requirement has relatively better performance than the other schemes, which are based on priority only and weighted average of all metrics, in dropped packet percentage and delay, the current connectivity setup is not able to satisfy all QoS requirements. Furthermore, at least 0.9 cache hit rate is required to satisfy all flows for at least 50% of simulated flights.
|
|
