| 1. |
- Gidhagen, Lars, et al.
(författare)
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Towards climate services for European cities : Lessons learnt from the Copernicus project Urban SIS
- 2020
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Ingår i: Urban Climate. - Amsterdam, Netherlands : Elsevier. - 2212-0955. ; 31
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The growing share of Europe's population living in cities makes urban climate change impact assessment and adaptation a critical issue. The urban environment is characterized by its sensitivity to small-scale meteorological, hydrological and environmental processes. These are generally not fully described in climate models, largely because of the models' insufficient spatial resolution. The Urban SIS climate service offers historical and future simulated data downscaled to 1 km × 1 km resolution over selected European metropolitan areas. The downscaled data are subsequently used as input to air quality and hydrological impact models, all made available to users as Essential Climate Variables and Sectoral Impact Indicators through a web portal. This paper presents the Urban SIS climate service and demonstrates its functionality in a case study in Stockholm city, Sweden. Good model performance was attained for intra-city temperature gradients and small-scale precipitation extremes. Less positive results were obtained for large-scale precipitation and hydrology, mainly due to an insufficient domain size in the meteorological and climate modelling, in turn related to the substantial computational requirements. An uncertainty classification approach was developed to aid the interpretation and user application of the data. We hope our lessons learnt will support future efforts in this direction.
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| 2. |
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| 3. |
- Andersson, Camilla, et al.
(författare)
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Achievements and experiences from science–policy interaction in the field of air pollution : Synthesising 20 years of research and outreach,thinking about future needs
- 2021
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- For 20 years, the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency together with the MISTRA research foundation have funded five air pollution research programmes with focus on producing knowledge that supports policy and emission control in national and international arenas. The research has been multidisciplinary and has included research on emissions, atmospheric transport and transformation processes, human health effects, ecosystem effects, and emission control strategies. Research has also been conducted on the interaction between air pollution and climate change.Over these years, the link between the research programmes and the development of emission control strategies and policies in Sweden, the EU, and the UNECE Air Convention has been of high importance. This report presents how the research programmes have created societal benefits through support for the development of air pollution policies and emission control measures. The report also identifies future research needs to ensure continued progress towards even better air quality for future generations.
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| 4. |
- Andersson, John, et al.
(författare)
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Pm2.5 and dementia in a low exposure setting : the influence of odor identification ability and APOE
- 2023
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Ingår i: Journal of Alzheimer's Disease. - : IOS Press. - 1387-2877 .- 1875-8908. ; 92:2, s. 679-689
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Growing evidence show that long term exposure to air pollution increases the risk of dementia.Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate associations between PM2.5 exposure and dementia in a low exposure area, and to investigate the role of olfaction and the APOE ε4 allele in these associations.Methods: Data were drawn from the Betula project, a longitudinal study on aging, memory, and dementia in Sweden. Odor identification ability was assessed using the Scandinavian Odor Identification Test (SOIT). Annual mean PM2.5 concentrations were obtained from a dispersion-model and matched at the participants’ residential address. Proportional hazard regression was used to calculate hazard ratios.Results: Of 1,846 participants, 348 developed dementia during the 21-year follow-up period. The average annual mean PM2.5 exposure at baseline was 6.77 µg/m3, which is 1.77 µg/m3 above the WHO definition of clean air. In a fully adjusted model (adjusted for age, sex, APOE, SOIT, cardiovascular diseases and risk factors, and education) each 1 µg/m3 difference in annual mean PM2.5-concentration was associated with a hazard ratio of 1.23 for dementia (95% CI: 1.01–1.50). Analyses stratified by APOE status (ε4 carriers versus non-carriers), and odor identification ability (high versus low), showed associations only for ε4 carriers, and for low performance on odor identification ability.Conclusion: PM2.5 was associated with an increased risk of dementia in this low pollution setting. The associations between PM2.5 and dementia seemed stronger in APOE carriers and those with below average odor identification ability.
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| 5. |
- Andersson, John, et al.
(författare)
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PM2.5 and Dementia in a Low Exposure Setting : The Influence of Odor Identification Ability and APOE
- 2023
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Ingår i: Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD. - 1387-2877. ; 92:2, s. 679-689
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: Growing evidence show that long term exposure to air pollution increases the risk of dementia. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate associations between PM2.5 exposure and dementia in a low exposure area, and to investigate the role of olfaction and the APOE ɛ4 allele in these associations. METHODS: Data were drawn from the Betula project, a longitudinal study on aging, memory, and dementia in Sweden. Odor identification ability was assessed using the Scandinavian Odor Identification Test (SOIT). Annual mean PM2.5 concentrations were obtained from a dispersion-model and matched at the participants' residential address. Proportional hazard regression was used to calculate hazard ratios. RESULTS: Of 1,846 participants, 348 developed dementia during the 21-year follow-up period. The average annual mean PM2.5 exposure at baseline was 6.77μg/m3, which is 1.77μg/m3 above the WHO definition of clean air. In a fully adjusted model (adjusted for age, sex, APOE, SOIT, cardiovascular diseases and risk factors, and education) each 1μg/m3 difference in annual mean PM2.5-concentration was associated with a hazard ratio of 1.23 for dementia (95% CI: 1.01-1.50). Analyses stratified by APOE status (ɛ4 carriers versus non-carriers), and odor identification ability (high versus low), showed associations only for ɛ4 carriers, and for low performance on odor identification ability. CONCLUSION: PM2.5 was associated with an increased risk of dementia in this low pollution setting. The associations between PM2.5 and dementia seemed stronger in APOE carriers and those with below average odor identification ability.
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| 6. |
- André, Karin, et al.
(författare)
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Assessing the Quality of Knowledge for Adaptation : Experiences From Co-designing Climate Services in Sweden
- 2021
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Ingår i: Frontiers in Climate. - Lausanne, Switzerland : Frontiers Research Foundation. - 2624-9553. ; 3
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Adaptation to climate change is becoming more urgent, but the wealth of knowledge that informs adaptation planning and decision-making is not used to its full potential. Top-down approaches to knowledge production are identified as one important reason for the gap between science and practice and are criticized for not meeting the needs of intended users. In response to this challenge, there is a growing interest in the creation of user-oriented and actionable climate services to support adaptation. At the same time, recent research suggests that greater efforts are needed to evaluate the effectiveness of knowledge co-production processes and the best criteria by which to gauge the quality of knowledge outcomes, while also considering different stakeholder perspectives. This paper explores these issues through a critical assessment of the quality of knowledge for adaptation generated from a climate services co-design process in two case studies in Sweden. The study draws on experiences from a 5-year research collaboration in which natural and social science researchers, together with local stakeholders, co-designed climate services to support climate adaptation planning and decision-making. The well-established knowledge quality criteria of credibility, legitimacy, saliency, usability, and usefulness remain relevant, but are not sufficient to capture factors relating to whether and how the knowledge actually is applied by climate change adaptation planners and decision-makers. We observe that case-specific circumstances beyond the scope of the co-design process, including the decision-making context as well as non-tangible outcomes, also play crucial roles that should be accounted for in the knowledge assessment processes.
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| 7. |
- Bennet, Cecilia, et al.
(författare)
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Vedeldning i Västra Götaland : Rapport till Naturvårdsverket från enkätstudie om eldningsvanor
- 2020
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- I luftföroreningsmodellering är emissioner från vedeldning ett område behäftat med stora osäkerheter. Denna rapport sammanfattar resultaten från en enkät om vedeldningsvanor i sju kommuner, vilket ger en bild av hur vedeldningen i Västra Götaland sker och medför att vi kan förbättra antaganden om vilka emissionsfaktorer som gäller i detta område vid modellering av luftföroreningar. Exempel på insamlad data som påverkar emissioner är användning av torr ved samt eldningsmönster över dygn och år vilket förbättrar den temporala variationen av emissioner. Detta påverkar också hur den spatiala fördelningen av årsmedelhalter eftersom transport av luftföroreningar ser olika ut vid olika tidpunkter. Underlaget används för emissionsberäkningar i projektet SCAPIS-luft. Både resultat och enkät är fritt tillgängligt att användas av andra för emissionsmodellering och undersökningar av eldningsvanor i olika regioner. Ytterligare datainsamlingar om eldningsvanor i Sverige behövs för att med större säkerhet kunna estimera dessa utsläpp.
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| 8. |
- Carlsen, Hanne Krage, et al.
(författare)
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Exposure to traffic-related particle matter and effects on lung function and potential interactions in a cross-sectional analysis of a cohort study in west Sweden.
- 2020
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Ingår i: BMJ open. - : BMJ. - 2044-6055. ; 10:10
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- To investigate the long-term effects of source-specific particle matter (PM) on lung function, effects of Surfactant Protein A (SP-A) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) genes GSTP1 and GSTT1 gene variants and effect modification by single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotype.Cohort study with address-based annual PM exposure assigned from annual estimates of size (PM10, PM2.5 and PMBC) and source-specific (traffic, industry, marine traffic and wood burning) dispersion modelling.Gothenburg, Sweden.The ADult-Onset asthma and NItric oXide Study had 6685 participants recruited from the general population, of which 5216 (78%) were included in the current study with information on all variables of interest. Mean age at the time of enrolment was 51.4 years (range 24-76) and 2427 (46.5%) were men.The primary outcome was forced vital capacity (FVC) and forced expiratory volume in 1s (FEV1). Secondary outcome measures were effects and gene-environment interactions of SP-A and GSTT1 and GSTP1 genotypes.Exposure to traffic-related PM10 and PM2.5 was associated with decreases in percent-predicted (% predicted) FEV1 by -0.48% (95% CI -0.89% to -0.07%) and -0.47% (95% CI -0.88% to -0.07%) per IQR 3.05 and 2.47 µg/m3, respectively, and with decreases in % predicted FVC by -0.46% (95% CI -0.83% to -0.08%) and -0.47% (95% CI -0.83% to -0.10%). Total and traffic-related PMBC was strongly associated with both FEV1 and FVC by -0.53 (95% CI -0.94 to -0.13%) and -0.43% (95% CI -0.77 to -0.09%) per IQR, respectively, for FVC, and similarly for FEV1. Minor allele carrier status for two GSTP1 SNPs and the GSTT1 null genotype were associated with decreases in % predicted lung function. Three SP-A SNPs showed effect modification with exposure to PM2.5 from industry and marine traffic.PM exposure, specifically traffic related, was associated with FVC and FEV1 reductions and not modified by genotype. Genetic effect modification was suggested for industry and marine traffic PM2.5.
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| 9. |
- Carlsen, Hanne Krage, et al.
(författare)
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Indicators of residential traffic exposure: Modelled NOX, traffic proximity, and self-reported exposure in RHINE III
- 2017
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Ingår i: Atmospheric Environment. - : Elsevier BV. - 1352-2310 .- 1873-2844. ; 167, s. 416-425
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Few studies have investigated associations between self-reported and modelled exposure to traffic pollution. The objective of this study was to examine correlations between self-reported traffic exposure and modelled (a) NOX and (b) traffic proximity in seven different northern European cities; Aarhus (Denmark), Bergen (Norway), Gothenburg, Umeå, and Uppsala (Sweden), Reykjavik (Iceland), and Tartu (Estonia). We analysed data from the RHINE III (Respiratory Health in Northern Europe, www.rhine.nu) cohorts of the seven study cities. Traffic proximity (distance to the nearest road with >10,000 vehicles per day) was calculated and vehicle exhaust (NOX) was modelled using dispersion models and land-use regression (LUR) data from 2011. Participants were asked a question about self-reported traffic intensity near bedroom window and another about traffic noise exposure at the residence. The data were analysed using rank correlation (Kendall's tau) and inter-rater agreement (Cohen's Kappa) between tertiles of modelled NOX and traffic proximity tertile and traffic proximity categories (0–150 metres (m), 150–200 m, >300 m) in each centre. Data on variables of interest were available for 50–99% of study participants per each cohort. Mean modelled NOX levels were between 6.5 and 16.0 μg/m3; median traffic intensity was between 303 and 10,750 m in each centre. In each centre, 7.7–18.7% of respondents reported exposure to high traffic intensity and 3.6–16.3% of respondents reported high exposure to traffic noise. Self-reported residential traffic exposure had low or no correlation with modelled exposure and traffic proximity in all centres, although results were statistically significant (tau = 0.057–0.305). Self-reported residential traffic noise correlated weakly (tau = 0.090–0.255), with modelled exposure in all centres except Reykjavik. Modelled NOX had the highest correlations between self-reported and modelled traffic exposure in five of seven centres, traffic noise exposure had the highest correlation with traffic proximity in tertiles in three centres. Self-reported exposure to high traffic intensity and traffic noise at each participant's residence had low or weak although statistically significant correlations with modelled vehicle exhaust pollution levels and traffic proximity. © 2017
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| 10. |
- Eklund, Veronica, et al.
(författare)
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Emissions from navigation and fishing including international bunkers Emissions from navigation and fishing including international : Quality assurance of emissions 1990-2010 for reporting to UNFCCC, NEC and CLRTAP
- 2011
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In this study, bottom-up estimates of emissions from domestic navigation and fish-ing have been produced. Also, fuel data in the Monthly fuel, gas and inventory statistics, used as activity data for estimating emissions from national navigation and international maritime bunkers has been analyzed. Data from other sources relating to these emissions from international bunkers has been explored and ana-lyzed.ConclusionsNational navigation, CRF 1A3dGiven the completely different approaches and uncertainties that are included in models and emission factors, bottom-up estimates using Shipair seem to corre-spond quite well with estimates produced using fuel data from energy statistics. Results do not imply that there is an obvious need for revision of emissions report-ed to the UNFCCC.Fishing, CRF 1A4cThe current model used produces slightly higher estimates than if using fuel data for 2007 from Swedish Board of Fisheries. Compared to bottom-up estimates using Shipair, the current model gives much higher estimates, estimates from Shipair being approximately one third. Since smaller fishing vessels are not obliged by law to have AIS transponders, one should expect the coverage of Shipair to be some-what limited. To give an estimate of how much the emissions are underestimated due to this fact, one would need to study the ship population more closely. It is also possible that the estimates for fishing based on fuel statistics are overestimated by the current model. However, since the only time series available is data on installed power for the Swedish fishing fleet used in the current model, we do not have enough information to judge whether the current time series is wrong. A revision of the time series is not possible with the current data situation. It is however clear that data should be updated and evaluated again coming years. Also, the estimates by the bottom-up approach will improve as the AIS-usage becomes more and more wide-spread, in time making it possible to perform a more complete independent validation.International bunkers, CRF 1C1bData on international bunker fuel in the Monthly fuel, gas and inventory statistics has been found to be of excellent quality. As a consequence of that VAT is applied on national fuel consumption but not on international bunkers, all respondents to the survey are able to separate these fuel amounts with high accuracy. Fuels used for domestic and international navigation have been separated correctly and in line with IPCC Guidelines. Fluctuations in time series are to a large extent due to "spot sales". Occasional fluctuations in time series for international maritime bunkers 2should be expected. The increasing trend is, in addition to driving forces such as amount of goods or tonnage of the fleet, due to acquired international customers and an expansion in the fleet of lighters.Various data from energy statistics, transport statistics, trade statistics and fuel price statistics have been found and could be used further if additional analysis is wanted.RecommendationsNational navigation, CRF 1A3dThe current methodology should be used for reporting to the UNFCCC also in the future. Estimates using Shipair should preferably be updated for 2008-2010 and also for coming years, thus producing a time series that in due time will provide more information and verification of emissions reported to the UNFCCC.Fishing, CRF 1A4cThe current methodology should be used for reporting to the UNFCCC also in submission 2012. Estimates using Shipair should preferably be updated for 2008- 2010 and also for coming years, thus producing a time series that in due time will provide more information and verification of emissions reported to the UNFCCC. The current methodology should be evaluated again when the next update of the national statistics on fishing is available.International bunkers, CRF 1C1bCurrent data is found to be of excellent quality and should be used also in the fu-ture for reporting to the UNFCCC.
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