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- Lo, Julia C., et al.
(författare)
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Explicit or implicit situation awareness? : Measuring the situation awareness of train traffic controllers
- 2016
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Ingår i: Transportation Research Part F. - : Elsevier. - 1369-8478 .- 1873-5517. ; 43, s. 325-338
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Previous research on situation awareness (SA) predominantly focused on its explicit, reasoned, conscious features rather than on the implicit, intuitive, unconscious aspects that are often identified with expert operators. This research investigated implicit levels of SA of train traffic controllers (TTCs) in order to contribute to the body of knowledge on rail human factors research and SA. A novel approach was used to uncover levels of implicit SA through a set of three analyses: (1) fairly low SAGAT values with correlations between SAGAT scores and multiple performance indicators; (2) negative correlations between work experience and SAGAT scores; and (3) structurally lower level-1 SA (perception) scores in comparison to level-2 SA (comprehension) scores in accordance with Endsley's three-level model. Two studies were conducted: A pilot study which focused on SA measurements with TTCs in a monitoring mode (N = 9) and the main study, which involved TTCs from another control center (N = 20) and three different disrupted conditions. In the pilot study, SA was measured through the situation-awareness global assessment technique (SAGAT), perceived SA and observed SA, and performance was measured through punctuality and unplanned stops of trains before red signals. In the main study, SA was measured through SAGAT, and perceived SA and multiple performance indicators, such as arrival and departure punctuality and platform consistency, were assessed. In both studies, the set of three analyses showed consistent and persistent indications of the presence of implicit SA. Endsley's three-level model and related SAGAT method can be constrained by the presence of these intuitive, unconscious processes and inconsistent findings on correlations between SAGAT scores and performance. These findings provide insights into the SA of TTCs in the Netherlands and can support the development of training programs and/or the design of a new traffic management system.
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- Sehic, E., et al.
(författare)
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A game for requirements formulation for a distributed gaming and simulation environment
- 2014
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Ingår i: Frontiers in Gaming Simulation. - Cham : Springer. ; , s. 129-139
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- ProRail is the owner of a number of high fidelity train traffic simulators for designing and managing the physical rail infrastructure. Gaming simulation is used to support the analysis and redesign of rail management and control processes. The games should use the existing train traffic simulators as much as possible to reduce costs and keep the existing knowledge base and acceptance. Because of their high fidelity level, these simulators lack the more abstract level that is necessary for interaction with humans in a gaming setting. Therefore they need to be adjusted. As there are several simulators to be used and multiple disciplines involved, this is not a trivial task. On the basis of the played Early Decision at Disruptions Game it is examined what requirements need to be fulfilled to make ProRail simulators suitable for use in gaming, in order to maximize profits of the coupling between simulators and games. This paper describes the process followed and provides a refined set of requirements for coupling of simulators for use in management and control games in rail (physical) infrastructures.
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- Lo, Julia C., et al.
(författare)
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Balancing organizational and academic research : Investigating train affic Controller's geographical workspace design and team situation areness using gaming simulations
- 2019
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Ingår i: Journal of Rail Transport Planning & Management. - : Elsevier. - 2210-9706 .- 2210-9714. ; 10, s. 34-45
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In innovating and designing new concepts in the railway sector, the tch railway infrastructure manager ProRail uses different types of mulations to identify and tackle possible bottlenecks in future frastructure design. Computer simulation tools are used in earlier ages of the design process, followed by the application of gaming mulations where the design is fine tuned together with railway traffic erators before it is put into operation. This study focuses on oviding insights into the use of a human-in-the-loop simulator in ich an organizational research question investigates the impact of ltiple geographical workspace designs, while in parallel human factors search is conducted to investigate the concept of team situation areness from an academic research interest. Finding a balance between e practical and academic implications in one research design and its ndings does not rely on a trivial approach. The current article aims contribute on several levels: (1) to illustrate the balance between search for practice and research for academia through the applications gaming simulations; (2) to illustrate the use of gaming simulations r railway traffic operations and (3) to provide insights in team SA velopment in railway traffic operations using gaming simulations.
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| 5. |
- Lo, J. C., et al.
(författare)
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Explicit or implicit situation awareness? : Situation awareness measurements of train traffic controllers in a monitoring mode
- 2014
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Ingår i: ECCOMAS Thematic Conference - COMPDYN 2011. - Cham : Springer International Publishing. - 9783319075143 ; , s. 511-521
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Railway traffic control faces the challenge of ensuring a high infrastructure capacity to maintain a constant train traffic flow. The current study assesses the situation awareness (SA), as a predictor of decision-making, of train traffic controllers to gain novel insights in their cognition. This study puts emphasis on levels of implicit and explicit situation awareness in a monitoring mode, through measures of SAGAT, MARS and performance. A human-in-the-loop simulator, called the PRL game is used to simulate the workspace of train traffic controllers. Initial findings indicate rather low levels of explicit SA, on the contrary to higher subjective SA scores through MARS and observer ratings, and a high performance on the punctuality and unplanned stops of trains.
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| 6. |
- Paaske Utheim, Tor, et al.
(författare)
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Storage Temperature Alters the Expression of Differentiation-Related Genes in Cultured Oral Keratinocytes
- 2016
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Ingår i: PLOS ONE. - : PUBLIC LIBRARY SCIENCE. - 1932-6203. ; 11:3, s. e0152526-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Purpose Storage of cultured human oral keratinocytes (HOK) allows for transportation of cultured transplants to eye clinics worldwide. In a previous study, one-week storage of cultured HOK was found to be superior with regard to viability and morphology at 12 degrees C compared to 4 degrees C and 37 degrees C. To understand more of how storage temperature affects cell phenotype, gene expression of HOK before and after storage at 4 degrees C, 12 degrees C, and 37 degrees C was assessed. Materials and Methods Cultured HOK were stored in HEPES-and sodium bicarbonate-buffered Minimum Essential Medium at 4 degrees C, 12 degrees C, and 37 degrees C for one week. Total RNA was isolated and the gene expression profile was determined using DNA microarrays and analyzed with Partek Genomics Suite software and Ingenuity Pathway Analysis. Differentially expressed genes (fold change > 1.5 and P < 0.05) were identified by one-way ANOVA. Key genes were validated using qPCR. Results Gene expression of cultures stored at 4 degrees C and 12 degrees C clustered close to the unstored control cultures. Cultures stored at 37 degrees C displayed substantial change in gene expression compared to the other groups. In comparison with 12 degrees C, 2,981 genes were differentially expressed at 37 degrees C. In contrast, only 67 genes were differentially expressed between the unstored control and the cells stored at 12 degrees C. The 12 degrees C and 37 degrees C culture groups differed most significantly with regard to the expression of differentiation markers. The Hedgehog signaling pathway was significantly downregulated at 37 degrees C compared to 12 degrees C. Conclusion HOK cultures stored at 37 degrees C showed considerably larger changes in gene expression compared to unstored cells than cultured HOK stored at 4 degrees C and 12 degrees C. The changes observed at 37 degrees C consisted of differentiation of the cells towards a squamous epithelium-specific phenotype. Storing cultured ocular surface transplants at 37 degrees C is therefore not recommended. This is particularly interesting as 37 degrees C is the standard incubation temperature used for cell culture.
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| 8. |
- van Lankveld, G., et al.
(författare)
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Assessing Gaming Simulation Validity for Training Traffic Controllers
- 2017
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Ingår i: Journal Simulation & Gaming. - : Sage Publications. - 1046-8781 .- 1552-826X. ; 48:2, s. 219-235
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background. The Dutch railway company ProRail is performing large-scale capacity upgrades to their infrastructure network. As part of these upgrades, ProRail uses gaming simulations to help prepare train traffic controllers for new infrastructure situations. Researching the validity of these gaming simulations is essential, since the conclusions drawn from gaming simulation use may result in decisions with large financial and social impact for ProRail and Dutch train passengers. Aim. In this article, we aim to investigate the validity of the gaming simulations for training traffic controllers for new situations in rail infrastructure. We also aim to contribute to the discussion on the minimum level of fidelity required to develop and conduct gaming simulations in a valid way. Method. We investigate the validity by using training sessions in conjunction with questionnaires. We based the approach and questionnaires on the earlier work of Raser. Results. Our results show that the validity of the gaming simulation ranges from medium to good. They also show that while the fidelity of the gaming simulation is not like the real-world operating conditions, this does not reduce validity to low levels. Conclusions. We conclude that the gaming simulation used in this study was of medium to good validity. We also conclude that maximum fidelity is not required in order to run a valid gaming simulation session.
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