| 1. |
- Arshadi, Mehrdad, et al.
(författare)
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Biomass-based energy production
- 2015. - 2
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Ingår i: Introduction to chemicals from biomass. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 9781118714485 - 9781118714478 ; , s. 249-284
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Today, bioenergy is a practical and increasingly widely available option for heating that is being adopted by many industries and households that are looking to use more sustainable energy sources. Biomass‐derived fuels may be solids, liquids, or gases. They can be classified based on the processes used in their production, which include physical upgrading, microbiological processes, thermochemical processes, and chemical processes. The production of solid fuels from renewable resources has become more important due to the growing global demand for energy and environmental concerns. Various microbial processes can be exploited to utilize energy that has been stored in biomass by photosynthesis. Methanol, ethanol, and butanol are liquid biofuels that can be synthesized from biomass and used in both four‐stroke gasoline and diesel engines. These alcohols can be prepared from sugarcane, sugar beet, wheat, barley, corn, switch grass, agricultural residues, wood, and many other industrial wastes.
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| 2. |
- Arshadi, Mehrdad, et al.
(författare)
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Production of energy from biomass
- 2008
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Ingår i: Introduction to chemicals from biomass. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 9780470058053 ; , s. 143-178
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)
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| 3. |
- Bizjak, Tinkara, et al.
(författare)
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Presence and activity of nitrogen-fixing bacteria in Scots pine needles in a boreal forest : a nitrogen-addition experiment
- 2023
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Ingår i: Tree Physiology. - : Oxford University Press. - 0829-318X .- 1758-4469. ; 43:8, s. 1354-1364
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Endophytic nitrogen-fixing bacteria have been detected and isolated from the needles of conifer trees growing in North American boreal forests. Because boreal forests are nutrient-limited, these bacteria could provide an important source of nitrogen for tree species. This study aimed to determine their presence and activity in a Scandinavian boreal forest, using immunodetection of nitrogenase enzyme subunits and acetylene-reduction assays of native Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) needles. The presence and rate of nitrogen fixation by endophytic bacteria were compared between control plots and fertilized plots in a nitrogen-addition experiment. In contrast to the expectation that nitrogen-fixation rates would decline in fertilized plots, as seen, for instance, with nitrogen-fixing bacteria associated with bryophytes, there was no difference in the presence or activity of nitrogen-fixing bacteria between the two treatments. The extrapolated calculated rate of nitrogen fixation relevant for the forest stand was 20 g N ha-1 year-1, which is rather low compared with Scots pine annual nitrogen use but could be important for the nitrogen-poor forest in the long term. In addition, of 13 colonies of potential nitrogen-fixing bacteria isolated from the needles on nitrogen-free media, 10 showed in vitro nitrogen fixation. In summary, 16S rRNA sequencing identified the species as belonging to the genera Bacillus, Variovorax, Novosphingobium, Sphingomonas, Microbacterium and Priestia, which was confirmed by Illumina whole-genome sequencing. Our results confirm the presence of endophytic nitrogen-fixing bacteria in Scots pine needles and suggest that they could be important for the long-term nitrogen budget of the Scandinavian boreal forest.
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| 4. |
- Das, Santanu, et al.
(författare)
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Comparative study of bioenzyme production using submerged fermentation on different agricultural wastes on ligninase producing from wood rot fungi isolated from Pushpagiri and Brahmagiri Hills of Karnataka
- 2020
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Ingår i: Journal of Advanced Research in Dynamical and Control Systems. - : Institute of Advanced Scientific Research. - 1943-023X. ; 12:7 Special Issue, s. 1562-1569
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A total of 132 White rot fungus were isolated from the wood bark samples, collected from the different locations in the Western Ghats region of Karnataka and screened for Ligninolytic enzyme production. Ten strains exhibiting maximum activity numbered 30, 40, 41, 61, 76, 86, 104, 113, 123 and 124 were further screened under submerged fermentation using agricultural wastes for enzyme production activity. Among the four substrates used (Sawdust, Paddy straw, Pongamia leaf, Kitchen Vegetable waste), highest lignin peroxidase activity was seen in Pongamia with strain 75 (0.766 U/ml) and minimum was in Paddy straw with strain 124(0.003 U/ml). Highest Manganese Peroxide content was seen in sawdust with strain 40 (1.014 U/ml) and minimum was in vegetable waste strain 75 (0.150 U/ml). Highest laccase activity was in Pongamia leafwith strain 123 (0.375 U/ml) and lowest was in Paddy straw strain (75)(0.012 U/ml).Highest versatile peroxidase activity was observed in Pongamia strain 113(0.504 U/ml) and lowest in Paddy straw strain 61 (0.023 U/ml). Cellulase content was highest with Pongamia using strain 41 (0.032 U/ml)and lowest in Paddy straw with strains61, 104, 113, 124 (0.003 U/ml).Highest Protein content was present in Pongamia degradation with strain 104(0.246 U/ml) and lowest was in Paddy straw with strain 113 (0.059 U/ml).The maximum enzyme activity of laccase by wood rot fungal strains 30, 40, 41, 61, 76, 86, 104, 113, 123 and 124 strains were obtained on the 8th day of fermentation wherein Manganese peroxidase and lignin peroxidase showed the highest activity on the 10th day of fermentation.
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| 5. |
- Das, Santanu, et al.
(författare)
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Optimization of biofuel production by molecular characterization of ligninase enzyme isolated from wood rot fungi in Pushpagiri and Brahmagiri Hills in Karnataka by using RAPD molecular markers
- 2020
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Ingår i: Journal of green engineering. - : Alpha Publishers. - 1904-4720 .- 2245-4586. ; 10:6, s. 2560-2597
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Wood rot fungi are one of the major degraders in the biosphere that help in degrading most of the plant origin polymers like cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin. Lignin is the second most abundant aromatic compound found in plant cell that holds up cellulose and hemicellulose. There is a lot of emphasis that is being put on the fungal degradation of lignin using wood and other lignocellulosic as a renewable source in the production of chemicals, paper products, feeds and fuels and the use of fungi as one of the most potent sources of degrading organisms. In the present study, screening for lignin degrading enzymes were done with 132 isolates and the maximum enzyme producing strains of 10 wood rot fungi samples were taken for molecular characterization using RAPD molecular markers.Isolation of genomic DNA of the 10 wood rot fungi samples was done using phenolchloroform method and quantified on agarose gel. The obtained genomic DNA was further subjected tocharacterization using RAPD-PCR method with 06 random primers OPA2, OPA5, OPA7, OPA8, OPD3 and OPC2. The amplified PCR products were analyzed by Agarose Gel Electrophoresis and were observed under UV Transilluminator. Analysis of the base pairs of the bands was done by Bio-Rad Gel Doc system.A total of 172 fragments were generated in the 10 isolates with 6 primers. Dendrogram analyses of the gels were done which gave a close relation of each DNA samples. The results indicate that some strains were genetically more similar and few diverse. The current study shows samples 30, 40, 41, 113 and 124 are genetically closely related.
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| 6. |
- DeLuca, Thomas H, et al.
(författare)
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Ecosystem controls on nitrogen fixation in boreal feather moss communities.
- 2007
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Ingår i: Oecologia. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0029-8549 .- 1432-1939. ; 152:1, s. 121-30
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- N fixation in feather moss carpets is maximized in late secondary successional boreal forests; however, there is limited understanding of the ecosystem factors that drive cyanobacterial N fixation in feather mosses with successional stage. We conducted a reciprocal transplant experiment to assess factors in both early and late succession that control N fixation in feather moss carpets dominated by Pleurozium schreberi. In 2003, intact microplots of moss carpets (30 cm × 30 cm × 10–20 cm deep) were excavated from three early secondary successional (41–101 years since last fire) forest sites and either replanted within the same stand or transplanted into one of three late successional (241–356 years since last fire) forest sites and the transverse was done for late successional layers of moss. Moss plots were monitored for changes in N-fixation rates by acetylene reduction (June 2003–September 2005) and changes in the presence of cyanobacteria on moss shoots by microscopy (2004). Forest nutrient status was measured using ionic resin capsules buried in the humus layer. Late successional forests exhibit high rates of N fixation and consistently high numbers of cyanobacteria on moss shoots, but low levels of available N. Conversely, early successional forests have higher N availability and have low rates of N fixation and limited presence of cyanobacteria on moss shoots. Transplantation of moss carpets resulted in a significant shift in presence and activity of cyanobacteria 1 year after initiation of the experiment responding to N fertility differences in early versus late successional forests.
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| 7. |
- DeLuca, T H, et al.
(författare)
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Quantifying nitrogen-fixation in feather moss carpets of boreal forests
- 2002
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Ingår i: Nature. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0028-0836 .- 1476-4687. ; 419:6910, s. 917-920
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Biological nitrogen (N) fixation is the primary source of N within natural ecosystems(1), yet the origin of boreal forest N has remained elusive. The boreal forests of Eurasia and North America lack any significant, widespread symbiotic N-fixing plants(1-6). With the exception of scattered stands of alder in early primary successional forests(7), N-fixation in boreal forests is considered to be extremely limited. Nitrogen-fixation in northern European boreal forests has been estimated(2) at only 0.5 kg Nha(-1) yr(-1); however, organic N is accumulated in these ecosystems at a rate of 3 kg N ha(-1) yr(-1) (ref. 8). Our limited understanding of the origin of boreal N is unacceptable given the extent of the boreal forest region, but predictable given our imperfect knowledge of N-fixation(1,9). Herein we report on a N-fixing symbiosis between a cyanobacterium (Nostoc sp.) and the ubiquitous feather moss, Pleurozium schreberi (Bird) Mitt. that alone fixes between 1.5 and 2.0 kg N ha(-1) yr(-1) in mid- to late-successional forests of northern Scandinavia and Finland. Previous efforts have probably underestimated N-fixation potential in boreal forests.
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| 8. |
- Gentili, Francesco, et al.
(författare)
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Physiological and molecular diversity of feather moss associative N2-fixing cyanobacteria.
- 2005
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Ingår i: Journal of Experimental Botany. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0022-0957 .- 1460-2431. ; 56:422, s. 3121-7
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Cyanobacteria colonizing the feather moss Pleurozium schreberi were isolated from moss samples collected in northern Sweden and subjected to physiological and molecular characterization. Morphological studies of isolated and moss-associated cyanobacteria were carried out by light microscopy. Molecular tools were used for cyanobacteria identification, and a reconstitution experiment of the association between non-associative mosses and cyanobacteria was conducted. The influence of temperature on N2 fixation in the different cyanobacterial isolates and the influence of light and temperature on N2-fixation rates in the moss were studied using the acetylene reduction assay. Two different cyanobacteria were effectively isolated from P. schreberi: Nostoc sp. and Calothrix sp. A third genus, Stigonema sp. was identified by microscopy, but could not be isolated. The Nostoc sp. was found to fix N2 at lower temperatures than Calothrix sp. Nostoc sp. and Stigonema sp. were the predominant cyanobacteria colonizing the moss. The attempt to reconstitute the association between the moss and cyanobacteria was successful. The two isolated genera of cyanobacteria in feather moss samples collected in northern Sweden differ in their temperature optima, which may have important ecological implications.
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| 9. |
- Harinikumar, K. M., et al.
(författare)
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Bioethanol production from four abundant Indian agricultural wastes
- 2020
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Ingår i: Biofuels. - : Taylor & Francis. - 1759-7269 .- 1759-7277. ; 11:5, s. 607-613
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Lignocellulose feedstocks are promising second-generation sources of ethanol biofuel. They include massive amounts of agricultural waste generated in India, much of which is currently burnt (exacerbating major pollution problems), but could potentially be fermented. To assist efforts to realize this potential, four abundant kinds of Indian agricultural residues (sugarcane bagasse and straw from rice, sweet sorghum and millet) were hydrolyzed via a dilute-acid method and fermented at 27 °C, using the white-rot fungus Trametes versicolor as a biocatalyst. The total carbohydrate contents of the agriculture wastes were analyzed, as well as soluble sugar contents of the hydrolysates at the start and end of the fermentations; their ethanol yields and activities of the key enzymes aldehyde dehydrogenase and pyruvate decarboxylase were also measured. Results show that ca. 85–90% of the fermentable sugars were used for ethanol production, and the enzyme activities are consistent with the observed yields. The findings indicate a great potential for ethanol production from Indian agricultural waste.
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| 10. |
- Herrera-Belaroussi, Aude, et al.
(författare)
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Candidatus Frankia nodulisporulans sp. nov., an Alnus glutinosa-infective Frankia species unable to grow in pure culture and able to sporulate in-planta
- 2020
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Ingår i: Systematic and Applied Microbiology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0723-2020 .- 1618-0984. ; 43:6
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We describe a new Frankia species, for three non-isolated strains obtained from Alnus glutinosa in France and Sweden, respectively. These strains can nodulate several Alnus species (A. glutinosa, A. incana, A. alno-betula), they form hyphae, vesicles and sporangia in the root nodule cortex but have resisted all attempts at isolation in pure culture. Their genomes have been sequenced, they are significantly smaller than those of other Alnus-infective species (5 Mb instead of 7.5 Mb) and are very closely related to one another (ANI of 100%). The name Candidatus Frankia nodulisporulans is proposed.
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