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- Kiaei, Mohammad S., et al.
(författare)
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Efficient Fully Format Compliant Selective Scrambling Methods for Compressed Video Streams
- 2006
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the Advanced International Conference on Telecommunications and International Conference on Internet and Web Applications and Services, AICT/ICIW'06. - 9780769525228 ; , s. 42-
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Format compliance, a desirable feature of multimedia security systems, means that the secured bitstream resembles the unprotected compressed bitstream. It is called full format compliance, if the scrambled stream can be decoded by a typical decoder. In this paper, we address the issues that are to be carefully taken into account to develop efficient fully format compliant scrambling methods for compressed video. We also propose new selective scrambling methods for securing compressed video streams. The security issues, in different parts of these scrambling methods, are analyzed and their impact on bit-rate and complexity is discussed. We show that our scrambling methods provide significantly higher security and full format compliance, while having less impact on bit-rate and encoding/decoding complexity, as compared to existing semi-format compliant scrambling methods. The proposed techniques are integrated into the baseline mode of H.263 low bit-rate video coding standard.
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- Rouhimoghadam, Milad, et al.
(författare)
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Tamoxifen-Induced Apoptosis of MCF-7 Cells via GPR30/PI3K/MAPKs Interactions : Verification by ODE Modeling and RNA Sequencing
- 2018
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Ingår i: Frontiers in Physiology. - : Frontiers Media S.A.. - 1664-042X. ; 9
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Tamoxifen (Nolvadex) is one of the most widely used and effective therapeutic agent for breast cancer. It benefits nearly 75% of patients with estrogen receptor (ER)-positive breast cancer that receive this drug. Its effectiveness is mainly attributed to its capacity to function as an ER antagonist, blocking estrogen binding sites on the receptor, and inhibiting the proliferative action of the receptor-hormone complex. Although, tamoxifen can induce apoptosis in breast cancer cells via upregulation of pro-apoptotic factors, it can also promote uterine hyperplasia in some women. Thus, tamoxifen as a multifunctional drug could have different effects on cells based on the utilization of effective concentrations or availability of specific co-factors. Evidence that tamoxifen functions as a GPR30 (G-Protein Coupled Receptor 30) agonist activating adenylyl cyclase and EGFR (Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor) intracellular signaling networks, provides yet another means of explaining the multi-functionality of tamoxifen. Here ordinary differential equation (ODE) modeling, RNA sequencing and real time qPCR analysis were utilized to establish the necessary data for gene network mapping of tamoxifen-stimulated MCF7 cells, which express the endogenous ER and GPR30. The gene set enrichment analysis and pathway analysis approaches were used to categorize transcriptionally upregulated genes in biological processes. Of the 2,713 genes that were significantly upregulated following a 48 h incubation with 250 mu M tamoxifen, most were categorized as either growth-related or pro-apoptotic intermediates that fit into the Tp53 and/or MAPK signaling pathways. Collectively, our results display that the effects of tamoxifen on the breast cancer MCF-7 cell line are mediated by the activation of important signaling pathways including Tp53 and MAPKs to induce apoptosis.
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