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| 2. |
- Matsumoto, Kuniko, et al.
(författare)
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Introducing a novelty indicator for scientific research: validating the knowledge-based combinatorial approach
- 2021
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Ingår i: Scientometrics. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0138-9130 .- 1588-2861. ; 126, s. 6891-6915
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Citation counts have long been considered as the primary bibliographic indicator for evaluating the quality of research—a practice premised on the assumption that citation count is reflective of the impact of a scientific publication. However, identifying several limitations in the use of citation counts alone, scholars have advanced the need for multifaceted quality evaluation methods. In this study, we apply a novelty indicator to quantify the degree of citation similarity between a focal paper and a pre-existing same-domain paper from various fields in the natural sciences by proposing a new way of identifying papers that fall into the same domain of focal papers using bibliometric data only. We also conduct a validation analysis, using Japanese survey data, to confirm its usefulness. Employing ordered logit and ordinary least squares regression models, this study tests the consistency between the novelty scores of 1871 Japanese papers published in the natural sciences between 2001 and 2006 and researchers’ subjective judgments of their novelty. The results show statistically positive correlations between novelty scores and researchers’ assessment of research types reflecting aspects of novelty in various natural science fields. As such, this study demonstrates that the proposed novelty indicator is a suitable means of identifying the novelty of various types of natural scientific research.
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| 3. |
- Muscio, Alessandro, et al.
(författare)
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Industry-funding for Ph.D. students : benefits and challenges
- 2023
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Ingår i: Studies in Higher Education. - 0307-5079. ; 48:12, s. 1883-1900
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper investigates employment outcomes for a large sample of Ph.D. students who were enrolled in a doctoral training program in Italy in the period 2008–14. The empirical analysis is based on survey data obtained from a questionnaire distributed to 23,500 individuals in 2016. In Italy, student enrolment in a Ph.D. involves a university-based selection process; most students then receive either government or private sector financial support covering their study period. We are interested in the influence of privately funded scholarships on subsequent success in obtaining a job in academia or in the business sector or choosing self-employment. We hypothesize that receipt of private funding will increase the probability that the student will go on to pursue a career in the private sector. We find that private sector funding/scholarships have a tangible effect on steering the students toward employment in the private sector only if during their study period they have an opportunity to collaborate with a company. If the aim is to promote employment of graduates by private firms, then our results suggest that private companies should seek to be more closely involved in university Ph.D. programs.Funding Information:Among the determinants of employment outcomes, we focus on financial support provided for Ph.D. students. That is, we investigate whether and how Ph.D. students receive financial support for their Ph.D. studies and how they affect their career choice. Some studies show that receiving financial support increases the chance of remaining in academia (Main, Wang, and Tan ; Walters, Zarifa, and Etmanski ; Wang and Main ). For example, Wang and Main () found that American Ph.D. students who received scholarship are more likely to become postdocs, and Walters, Zarifa, and Etmanski () similarly found that scholarship recipients in Canada are more likely to attain full-time faculty position. Also, Main, Wang, and Tan () showed that Ph.D.s who were self-funded were less likely than students benefiting from scholarships or research assistantships to take up a postdoc position in engineering in the US. On the other hand, Herrera and Nieto () showed that students who receive national or international grants tend to pursue non-academic careers in the Spanish context. Finally, Marini () found no significant effect of financial support on students’ career choice regardless of the funding sources in the Italian context. Thus, the previous studies demonstrated mixed effects of financial support on employment outcomes.
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| 4. |
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| 5. |
- Muscio, Alessandro, et al.
(författare)
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The Effects of the Academic Environment on PhD Entrepreneurship : New Insights from Survey Data
- 2022
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Ingår i: University-Industry Knowledge Interactions. - Cham : Springer International Publishing. - 2197-5884 .- 1572-1922. - 9783030846688 ; 52, s. 179-199
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper investigates PhD entrepreneurship. We focus on the university factors most closely associated to: (1) students’ success in starting a business venture; (2) students’ startup intention; (3) students’ abandoning the entrepreneurial idea. The empirical analysis is based on data from a questionnaire survey, administered in 2016 in Italy. We focus on four factors related to the university entrepreneurial environment: (1) university entrepreneurship policy frameworks; (2) PhD orientation to business problems; (3) entrepreneurship training; (4) PhD lab reputation. We find that the academic environment can have a fundamental impact on students’ decisions to start new ventures and on their entrepreneurial attitude.
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| 6. |
- Muscio, Alessandro, et al.
(författare)
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Universities and start-up creation by Ph.D. graduates : the role of scientific and social capital of academic laboratories
- 2022
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Ingår i: Journal of Technology Transfer. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0892-9912 .- 1573-7047. ; 47:1, s. 147-175
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper investigates how the characteristics of university laboratories influence the propensity of Ph.D. students to entrepreneurship, and thus, contribute to the transfer of academic knowledge to society. As determinants of Ph.D. entrepreneurship, we focus on the lab scientific and social capital as well as on the business experience that Ph.D. students acquire during their training period. The empirical exercise is based on questionnaire survey data of 5266 Ph.D. students in Italian universities in all subject areas. First, we find that 6.7% of the Ph.D. graduates engage in startup activities, and thus, Ph.D. training seems to contribute to knowledge transfer through entrepreneurship. Second, Ph.D. entrepreneurship is driven by business experience, in the forms of industry collaboration and industrially applicable research projects, during their training period. Third, the lab scientific capital is negatively associated with Ph.D. entrepreneurship, suggesting a conflict between scientific excellence and entrepreneurship, but this effect is mitigated if students acquire business experience. Fourth, the lab social capital increases the chance of startup when students have business experience. We further investigate the effects of lab environment by distinguishing between startups that are based on university research and startups that are not, finding different determinants.
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| 7. |
- Shibayama, Sotaro
(författare)
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Development of originality under inbreeding : A case of life science labs in Japan
- 2022
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Ingår i: Higher Education Quarterly. - : Wiley. - 0951-5224 .- 1468-2273. ; 76:1, s. 63-75
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Producing original knowledge is the foundation of scientific progress. Originality is associated with certain skills and practices that can be trained and socialised. This study investigates how inbreeding as a career practice influences the socialisation of originality. An analysis based on a sample of mid-career life scientists in Japan finds that originality and associated practices are transferred to junior academics from their PhD supervisors, and that the inter-generational transfer of the practices favourable for originality is reinforced when junior academics are inbred. Hence, if senior academics have orientation towards originality, inbred junior academics are likely to succeed the same orientation; whereas if supervisor lack orientation towards originality, inbred juniors also lack the orientation. Thus, inbreeding can be a double-edged sword in developing originality.
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| 8. |
- Shibayama, Sotaro, et al.
(författare)
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Impact of Ph.D. training: a comprehensive analysis based on a Japanese national doctoral survey
- 2017
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Ingår i: Scientometrics. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1588-2861 .- 0138-9130. ; 113:1, s. 387-415
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Ph.D. training in academic labs offers the foundation for the production of knowledge workers, indispensable for the modern knowledge-based society. Nonetheless, our understanding on Ph.D. training has been insufficient due to limited access to the inside of academic labs. Furthermore, early careers of Ph.D. graduates are often difficult to follow, which makes the evaluation of training effects challenging. To address these limitations, this study aims to illustrate the settings of Ph.D. training in academic labs and examine their impact on several training outcomes, drawing on a national survey of a cohort of 5000 Ph.D. graduates from Japanese universities. The result suggests that a supervising team structure as well as the frequency of supervision, contingent to a few contextual factors, determine the Ph.D. graduates’ career decisions, performance, and degrees of satisfaction with the training programs.
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| 9. |
- Shibayama, Sotaro, et al.
(författare)
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Impact of PhD Supervising Setting : A Comprehensive Analysis based on "Japan Doctoral Human Resource Profiling, JD-Pro"
- 2017
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- PhD training in academic labs offers the foundation for the production of frontier knowledge workers, indispensable for the modern knowledge-based society. Nonetheless, our understanding on PhD training has been insufficient due to limited access to the inside of academic labs. Furthermore, early careers of PhD graduates are often difficult to follow, which makes the evaluation of training outcome challenging. To fill in these limitations, this study aims to illustrate the settings of PhD training in academic labs and examine their impact on several aspects of training outcome, drawing on "Japan Doctoral Human Resource Profiling", a national survey of a cohort of 5000 PhD graduates from Japanese universities.Our regression analyses controlling for several variables indicate the following results: (1) PhD students who received frequent instruction by their official supervisors are likely to successfully earn degrees and engage in jobs related to their dissertation subjects; (2) frequent supervision by internal faculty members is associated with high performance both in academia (based on publications) and in industry (based on wage rates); (3) frequent supervision by external faculty members is associated with successful degree attainment and academic career choice; and (4) frequent supervision by non-faculty members (e.g., postdocs and senior students) is associated with non-academic career choice. The expansion of postgraduate education since 1991 has increased the number of students per supervisor, which has added to the workload of faculty members, along with other duties such as administration and fundraising. The result indicates that frequent supervision by multiple faculty members improves career outcomes and students' satisfaction, suggesting the need for secondary instructors as well as expert staff supporting faculty members.
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| 10. |
- Shibayama, Sotaro, et al.
(författare)
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Measuring novelty in science with word embedding
- 2021
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Ingår i: PLoS ONE. - : Public Library of Science (PLoS). - 1932-6203. ; 16:7
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Novelty is a core value in science, and a reliable measurement of novelty is crucial. This study proposes a new approach of measuring the novelty of scientific articles based on both citation data and text data. The proposed approach considers an article to be novel if it cites a combination of semantically distant references. To this end, we first assign a word embedding–a vector representation of each vocabulary–to each cited reference on the basis of text information included in the reference. With these vectors, a distance between every pair of references is computed. Finally, the novelty of a focal document is evaluated by summarizing the distances between all references. The approach draws on limited text information (the titles of references) and publicly shared library for word embeddings, which minimizes the requirement of data access and computational cost. We share the code, with which one can compute the novelty score of a document of interest only by having the focal document’s reference list. We validate the proposed measure through three exercises. First, we confirm that word embeddings can be used to quantify semantic distances between documents by comparing with an established bibliometric distance measure. Second, we confirm the criterion-related validity of the proposed novelty measure with self-reported novelty scores collected from a questionnaire survey. Finally, as novelty is known to be correlated with future citation impact, we confirm that the proposed measure can predict future citation.
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