| 1. |
- Singh, Jagdeep
(författare)
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Beyond Waste Management : Challenges to Sustainable Global Physical Resource Management
- 2016
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Current physical resource management (PRM) was investigated in a global perspective in this thesis, to gain a deeper understanding of its implications in a sustainability perspective. In particular, the main challenges to the current PRM system and the kinds of systemic changes needed for sustainable PRM were examined. In five separate studies, different theoretical and practical challenges to current PRM approaches were analysed. A descriptive literature review, causal loop diagrams and semi-structured interviews were performed to gather qualitative and quantitative inferences. Perspectives from industrial ecology, life cycle thinking, systems thinking and environmental philosophy were then applied to analyse global resource/waste management issues.The analysis resulted in an overview of the global ecological sustainability challenges to current PRM and identification of major challenges to the global waste management system. Causal loop diagrams were used to qualitatively analyse the structure and behaviour of production and consumption systems responsible for unintended environmental consequences of purposive actions to improve material and energy efficiencies. Ways in which resource quality could be maintained throughout the system of production and consumption systems were determined by identifying challenges facing product designers while closing the material loops. A planning framework was devised to operationalise the sustainable development demands in society, including production and consumption systems.A broader systems approach is proposed for future sustainable global PRM, focusing on ensuring societal functions within the human activity system. The approach involves designing and managing anthropogenic stocks of physical resources to reduce inflows of physical resources and outflows of wastes and emissions. Life cycle-based databases linking resource consumption with waste generation are needed for improved global PRM.
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| 2. |
- Singh, Jagdeep, et al.
(författare)
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Systems Approach to Scaling-Up Global Upcycling : Framework for Empirical Research
- 2021
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Ingår i: State-of-the-Art Upcycling Research and Practice : Lecture Notes in Production Engineering - Lecture Notes in Production Engineering. - Cham : Springer International Publishing. - 9783030726393 - 9783030726409 ; , s. 99-104
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Global urbanisation, increasing population, economic growth and development have caused increase in resource consumption, and consequently, a vast volume of waste and other negative environmental impacts. In order to reduce negative environmental impact, various approaches to resource management have been suggested and implemented in the system of production, consumption and waste management. One promising approach is upcycling, the creation or modification of a product from used or waste materials, components and products for equal or higher quality or value than the compositional elements. This chapter proposes a systems approach to scaling-up global upcycling through systems innovation in the critical factors in the upcycling value chain.
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| 3. |
- Singh, Jagdeep, et al.
(författare)
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Upcycling, Jugaad and Repair Cafes for Prosumption
- 2021
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Ingår i: State-of-the-Art Upcycling Research and Practice : Lecture Notes in Production Engineering. - Lecture Notes in Production Engineering.. - Cham : Springer International Publishing. - 2194-0525 .- 2194-0533. - 9783030726409 - 9783030726393 ; , s. 41-43
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)
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| 4. |
- Sung, Kyungeun, et al.
(författare)
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Introduction: State-of-the-Art Upcycling Research and Practice
- 2021
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Ingår i: State-of-the-Art Upcycling Research and Practice : Lecture Notes in Production Engineering - Lecture Notes in Production Engineering. - Cham : Springer International Publishing. - 2194-0533 .- 2194-0525. - 9783030726393 - 9783030726409 ; , s. 1-6
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Mass production and consumption based on virgin materials have been the mainstream practice for decades across industrialised nations. Resource consumption has reached an unsustainable level, leading to devastating environmental impacts. For a more sustainable future, not only environmentally but economically and socially, material cycles need to be slowed down and, if possible, closed. Upcycling presents a promising alternative to mass production and consumption based on the use of virgin materials, in order to slow material cycles. There has been a growing academic and industrial interest in upcycling, particularly related to the emerging circular economy. Research in upcycling, however, is still in its infancy. Development of upcycling theory and practices is required if there is to be a transition in upcycling from niche to mainstream. As part of our efforts to develop upcycling theories and practices, we organised the first International Upcycling Symposium and called for contributions by international academics, practitioners and other relevant actors working on upcycling. In response, we received a wide range of papers in the field of upcycling across disciplines, sectors, industries, countries and regions. This chapter provides a brief summary of each contribution showing the state of the art in upcycling research and practice at the global scale which provides fundamental understanding of upcycling with varied definitions and forms across sectors and scales, and informs readers of valuable ideas, theories, projects, experiences and insights into upcycling by global experts.
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| 5. |
- Bhargava, Cherry, et al.
(författare)
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An intelligent model for residual life prediction of thyristor
- 2019
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Ingår i: International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology. - 2249-8958. ; 8:5, s. 1862-1866
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Modern age is the age of integration, where millions of electronic components are integrated and installed on a single chip, to minimize the size of device and automatically increases the speed. But, as a greater number of components are placed on a single device, reliability becomes a concern issue, as failure of one component can degrade the complete device. From dimmer to high voltage power transmission, thyristors are widely used. The failure of thyristor can be proven dangerous for mankind, so the reliability prediction of thyristor is highly desirable. This paper is based on the accelerated life testing based experimental technique for reliability assessment. An intelligent model is designed using artificial intelligence techniques i.e. ANN, Fuzzy and ANFIS and comparative analysis is conducted to estimate the most accurate technique. Fuzzy based Graphical User Interface (GUI) is framed which informs the user about the live status of thyristor under various environmental conditions. The intelligent techniques are validated using experimental technique. An error analysis is conducted to predict the most accurate and reliable system for residual life prediction of thyristor. Out of all prediction techniques, ANFIS has the highest accuracy i.e. 95.3%, whereas ANN and Fuzzy inference system has accuracy range 86.1% and 89.2% respectively.
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| 6. |
- Boberg, Linn, et al.
(författare)
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Environmental impact of single-use, reusable, and mixed trocar systems used for laparoscopic cholecystectomies
- 2022
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Ingår i: PLoS ONE. - : Public Library of Science (PLoS). - 1932-6203. ; 17:7
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- INTRODUCTION: Climate change is one of the 21st century's biggest public health issues and health care contributes up to 10% of the emissions of greenhouse gases in developed countries. About 15 million laparoscopic procedures are performed annually worldwide and single-use medical equipment is increasingly used during these procedures. Little is known about costs and environmental footprint of this change in practice.METHODS: We employed Life Cycle Assessment method to evaluate and compare the environmental impacts of single-use, reusable, and mixed trocar systems used for laparoscopic cholecystectomies at three hospitals in southern Sweden. The environmental impacts were calculated using the IMPACT 2002+ method and a functional unit of 500 procedures. Monte Carlo simulations were used to estimate differences between trocar systems. Data are presented as medians and 2.5th to 97.5th percentiles. Financial costs were calculated using Life Cycle Costing.RESULTS: The single-use system had a 182% higher impact on resources than the reusable system [difference: 5160 MJ primary (4400-5770)]. The single-use system had a 379% higher impact on climate change than the reusable system [difference: 446 kg CO2eq (413-483)]. The single-use system had an 83% higher impact than the reusable system on ecosystem quality [difference: 79 PDF*m2*yr (24-112)] and a 240% higher impact on human health [difference: 2.4x10-4 DALY/person/yr (2.2x10-4-2.6x10-4)]. The mixed and single-use systems had a similar environmental impact. Differences between single-use and reusable trocars with regard to resource use and ecosystem quality were found to be sensitive to lower filling of machines in the sterilization process. For ecosystem quality the difference between the two were further sensitive to a 50% decrease in number of reuses, and to using a fossil fuel intensive electricity mix. Differences regarding effects on climate change and human health were robust in the sensitivity analyses. The reusable and mixed trocar systems were approximately half as expensive as the single-use systems (17360 € and 18560 € versus 37600 €, respectively).CONCLUSION: In the Swedish healthcare system the reusable trocar system offers a robust opportunity to reduce both the environmental impact and financial costs for laparoscopic surgery.
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| 7. |
- Cole, Christine, et al.
(författare)
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An assessment of achievements of the WEEE Directive in promoting movement up the waste hierarchy : experiences in the UK
- 2019
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Ingår i: Waste Management: international journal of integrated waste management, science and technology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0956-053X. ; 87, s. 417-427
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Rapidly developing technology and an increasing number of products containing electrical or electronic functions, has led to discarded electrical and electronic equipment (EEE) being one of the fastest growing waste streams. The European Union (EU) has enacted several iterations of the Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) Directive to address this complex waste stream. However, recycling dominates treatments for e-waste, despite the established ‘waste hierarchy’ showing waste prevention and reuse are generally preferable to recycling. This paper reports on 30 semi-structured interviews, undertaken across the EEE value chain, examining the impact of the WEEE Directive in the UK. The interviews confirmed that reuse takes place for a limited number of product types, mostly on a small scale. Additionally, whilst legislation has prompted innovation in recycling and higher capture rates, resource recovery is in practice limited to easily salvageable materials, whilst recovery of critical raw materials is often neglected. Furthermore, there is confusion around available collection networks, particularly for small WEEE, which consistently appears in residual waste streams. The waste hierarchy remains the key component of EU waste strategy and moving to the higher levels of the waste hierarchy is an essential part of achieving sustainable waste management and moving towards a circular economy. The paper proposes a series of measures to this end: promoting recovery routes and practices that facilitate reuse of suitable products, adapting recycling technology to increase recovery of critical raw materials and targeted policies to encourage the application of the waste hierarchy within a resource efficiency-oriented framework.
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| 8. |
- Cole, Christine, et al.
(författare)
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Assessing barriers to reuse of electrical and electronic equipment, a UK perspective
- 2019
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Ingår i: Resources, Conservation and Recycling: X. - : Elsevier BV. - 2590-289X. ; 1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper reports on research undertaken to identify generic and specific barriers to reuse of electrical and electronic equipment (EEE). Thirty semi-structured interviews were conducted with experts from across the value chain including product designers, manufacturers, users and waste managers as well policy makers and academics. The interviews sought to examine perceived and real barriers to reuse in the UK. Three inter-connected factors that limit opportunities and instances of reuse of electrical and electronic equipment were identified, highlighting that both systemic and consumer barriers to increasing levels of reuse exist. These are: producer reluctance, unsuitable collection infrastructure and cultural issues. Overall, the paper shows that low levels of reuse in the electrical and electronic sector are a result of complex and interlinked barriers. Understanding these connections offers the potential to improve the opportunities for reuse, by providing direction for policy makers to address barriers from a multi stakeholder perspective. Increasing instances of reuse is essential if the UK is to successfully move towards a resource efficient, circular economy.
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| 9. |
- Curtis, Steven, et al.
(författare)
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Systematic Framework to Assess Social Impacts of Sharing Platforms
- 2020
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Ingår i: PLoS ONE. - : Public Library of Science (PLoS). - 1932-6203. ; 15:10
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- (1) BackgroundResearch and user experience suggests both positive and negative social impacts resulting from practices in the sharing economy: social cohesion vs. gentrification; inclusiveness vs. discrimination; flexible employment vs. exploitation. However, as yet, there is no framework for understanding or assessing these social impacts holistically.(2) ObjectiveWe aim to improve understanding of the social impacts of sharing platforms and develop a systematic framework to assess these impacts.(3) MethodsWe conduct a narrative literature review and stakeholder workshop, integrating insights to produce a systematic social impact assessment framework and a practice-oriented tool.(4) ResultsWe identify four social aspects—trust, empowerment, social justice, and inclusivity—and eighteen indicators that make up the framework. We describe each indicator and its relevance to the sharing economy as well as suggest measurable variables in the form of a practice-oriented tool.(5) ConclusionsThe framework and tool are the first holistic method for assessing social impact in the sharing economy, which may inform researchers, sharing platforms, regulators, investors, and citizens to mitigate adverse social impacts while enhancing the overall net social value of the sharing economy.
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| 10. |
- Laurenti, Rafael, 1980-, et al.
(författare)
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Characterizing the Sharing Economy State of the Research : a Systematic Map
- 2019
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Ingår i: Sustainability. - : MDPI. - 2071-1050. ; 11:20
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- The sharing economy is an emerging niche for innovation capable of disrupting established socio-technical and economic regimes. Because of this potential to cause radical changes in a wide array of domains, research in multiple disciplines addressing various aspects entailing this phenomenon is proliferating. In this emerging body of literature, the understanding and framing of the sharing economy are often different. Without knowledge about the current state of the research related to the sharing economy, delineating research trends, gaps, and needs for directing effectively primary research are not possible. This study aimed to synthesize the state and distribution of existing publications related to the sharing economy in multiple disciplines. We used the systematic mapping technique to scope, identify, and classify the publications at a fine level of granularity. We reviewed 589 journal articles (published from 1978 to 2017), and 454 met the selection criteria. The journal articles reviewed were published in 284 different journals. Intriguingly, 15 journals published five to 13 publications each and 221 journals had a single article about the topic. Journals belonging to the subject areas “business, management and accounting” (42.1%) and “social sciences” (35.2%) published more than 70% of the reviewed publications. Accommodation (19.8%) and car and ridesharing (17.2%) were the two most prominent sectors; 50.2% of the publications addressed C2C transactions (10.6% B2C, 24.4% more than one type); 62.3% were about accessing resources, and 5.1% concerned transfer of ownership (i.e., second-hand or donation); and 19.2% covered access and transfer of ownership simultaneously. While empirical studies were the majority (53.1%, when comparing with conceptual ones), qualitative approaches were most common (51.5% against 24.9% quantitative and 17.4% mixed methods). Literature review (22.9%), survey (13.2%), case study (7.3%) and interview (7%) were the most frequently used methods. User behavior (26.4%), business models and organizational aspects (22.7%), institution and governance system (18.7%), conceptualization matters (17%), and sustainability evaluation (15.3%) are research clusters identified from a grounded approach. The link between user behavior and net environmental impacts of sharing options was the largest gap found in the research needing attention from a sustainability perspective. Accordingly, multidisciplinary investigations quantifying behavioral root causes, magnitude, and likelihood of environmental rebound effects using real-world data are strongly encouraged.
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