| 1. |
- Al Weswasi, Enes, 1985-, et al.
(författare)
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Does sentence length affect the risk for criminal recidivism? A quasi-experimental study of three policy reforms in Sweden
- 2023
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Ingår i: Journal of Experimental Criminology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1573-3750 .- 1572-8315. ; 19:4, s. 971-999
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objectives This study examines the relationship between incarceration time and post-release recidivism among first-time incarcerated adult offenders.Methods A quasi-experimental design was adopted consisting of three policy reforms that were treated as separate natural experiments. While holding imposed sentence length constant, these policy reforms either decreased or increased the required share of a sentence inmates needed to be incarcerated before being eligible for parole. Data consisted of large-scale administrative records containing all convictions for the Swedish cohorts born in 1958 and later.Results Results indicate that neither increased nor decreased incarceration time had a statistically significant effect on post-release recidivism, irrespective of how recidivism was measured.Conclusions Findings reveal little evidence for incarceration time having a criminogenic or specific preventive effect on post-release recidivism.
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| 2. |
- Beckley, Amber L., 1981-, et al.
(författare)
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The Stockholm life-course project : investigating offending and non-lethal severe violent victimization
- 2022
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Ingår i: Nordic Journal of Criminology. - : Taylor & Francis. - 2578-983X .- 2578-9821 .- 1404-3858 .- 1651-2340. ; 23:1, s. 61-82
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Much is known about the patterning of offending throughout life, but less about the patterning of victimization. In this study, we used data from the Stockholm Life-Course Project (SLCP), a longitudinal study that includes measures of childhood problem behaviour. We analysed offending (criminal conviction and police suspicion), inpatient hospitalization and outpatient care for violent victimization. We replicated the well-established age-crime curve amongst SLCP study members. We found that hospitalization for severe violent victimization was most likely to occur between 20 and 40 years of age. We additionally considered how childhood problem behaviour impacted overall risk and life-course patterning of offending and victimization. Childhood problem behaviour was associated with a greater risk of criminal conviction. But childhood problem behaviour showed inconsistent associations with risk for police suspicion. Childhood problem behaviour was generally associated with greater involvement in crime up to middle adulthood. Childhood problem behaviour was generally associated with a greater risk of victimization. However, we were limited in our ability to estimate the effect of childhood problem behaviour on life-course patterning of victimization due to the rarity of victimization. These results imply a need for larger studies on violent victimization and greater nuance in our understanding of childhood risks and their life-long outcomes.
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| 3. |
- Carlsson, Christoffer, 1986-, et al.
(författare)
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Ungdomsbrottslighet ur ett livsförloppsperspektiv
- 2022. - 5
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Ingår i: Den svenska ungdomsbrottsligheten. - Lund : Studentlitteratur AB. - 9789144152981 ; , s. 229-266
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 4. |
- Hodgins, Sheilagh, et al.
(författare)
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The burden for clinical services of persons with an intellectual disability or mental disorder convicted of criminal offences : A birth cohort study of 14,605 persons followed to age 64
- 2024
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Ingår i: Nordic Journal of Psychiatry. - : Taylor & Francis. - 0803-9488 .- 1502-4725. ; 78:5, s. 411-420
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: Intellectual disability (ID), schizophrenia spectrum disorder (SSD), bipolar disorder (BD), substance use disorder (SUD), and other mental disorders (OMDs) are associated with increased risks of criminality relative to sex-matched individuals without these conditions (NOIDMD). To resource psychiatric, addiction, and social services so as to provide effective treatments, further information is needed about the size of sub-groups convicted of crimes, recidivism, timing of offending, antecedents, and correlates. Stigma of persons with mental disorders could potentially be dramatically reduced if violence was prevented.METHODS: A birth cohort of 14,605 persons was followed to age 64 using data from Swedish national health, criminal, and social registers.RESULTS: Percentages of group members convicted of violence differed significantly: males NOIDMD, 7.3%, ID 29.2%, SSD 38.6%, BD 30.7%; SUD 44.0%, and OMD 19.3%; females NOIDMD 0.8%, ID 7.7%, SSD 11.2%, BD 2.4%, SD 17.0%, and OMD 2.1%. Violent recidivism was high. Most violent offenders in the diagnostic groups were also convicted of non-violent crimes. Prior to first diagnosis, convictions (violent or non-violent) had been acquired by over 90% of the male offenders and two-thirds of the female offenders. Physical victimization, adult comorbid SUD, childhood conduct problems, and adolescent substance misuse were each associated with increased risks of offending.CONCLUSION: Sub-groups of cohort members with ID or mental disorders were convicted of violent and non-violent crimes to age 64 suggesting the need for treatment of primary disorders and for antisocial/aggressive behavior. Many patients engaging in violence could be identified at first contact with clinical services.
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| 5. |
- Sivertsson, Ebba, 1984-
(författare)
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Oxygen Metabolism in Experimental Kidney Disease
- 2021
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Tubulointerstitial hypoxia has been proposed a unifying mechanism behind the development of chronic kidney disease (CKD), regardless of primary diagnosis. Important factors that contribute to the development of hypoxia are reduced bioavailability of nitric oxide (NO), oxidative stress and mitochondria uncoupling. Diabetes and hypertension are the leading causes of CKD. Once established, CKD is a progressive disease and there is no curative treatment. This thesis aimed to investigate the in vivo kidney oxygen metabolism and in vitro mitochondria function in animal models of pathological conditions known to cause kidney injury.The immunosuppressant drug rapamycin has been suggested to counteract diabetic nephropathy by reducing kidney hypertrophy and proteinuria. In a rat model of diabetes type 1, we demonstrate that rapamycin induced intrarenal hypoxia, oxidative stress and mitochondria leak respiration. In diabetic animals, these changes, together with diabetes induced tubular injury, were further aggravated by rapamycin. Proteinuria was decreased by rapamycin in diabetic animals, due to altered glomerular permeability of large molecules. When investigating the role of hypoxia in development of nephropathy there are often confounding factors such as concomitant hyperglycemia, hypertension and oxidative stress to consider. In rats, we demonstrate that increased kidney metabolism, induced by increased thyroid hormone signaling, induced kidney hypoxia, proteinuria and mitochondria leak respiration. Importantly blood glucose, blood pressure and oxidative stress was unchanged. This provides further evidence that hypoxia per se can induce kidney injury. The role of mitochondria dysfunction in hypertensive kidney disease is unclear and angiotensin II (Ang II) has been shown to inhibit mitochondria respiration. In a mouse model of hypertension, we demonstrate that Ang II regulation of mitochondria respiration was dose-dependent. Low Ang II signaling increased leak respiration without compromising efficiency of oxidative phosphorylation. In contrast, high Ang II signaling inhibited mitochondria respiration and decreased efficiency of oxidative phosphorylation. Finally, uremic toxins accumulate in patients with CKD and correlate with the degree of decline in kidney function. In a rat model of CKD, we demonstrate that treatment to reduce plasma levels of protein bound uremic toxins improves cardiac output and kidney oxygenation. In summary, the common denominator for pathological conditions investigated in this thesis is the occurrence of intrarenal hypoxia. This thesis demonstrates that increased mitochondria oxygen consumption via leak respiration as an important contributing factor. Further, targeting plasma levels of circulating uremic toxins may be a potential treatment strategy to slow the rate of progression of CKD.
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| 6. |
- Sivertsson, Ebba, 1984-, et al.
(författare)
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Thyroid hormone increases oxygen metabolism causing intrarenal tissue hypoxia; a pathway to kidney disease
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The proposed mechanisms for the development of nephropathy are many, complex and often overlapping. Although recent literature strongly supports a role of kidney hypoxia as an independent pathway to nephropathy, the evidence remains inconclusive since the role of hypoxia is difficult to differentiate from confounding factors such as hyperglycemia, hypertension and oxidative stress. By increasing kidney oxygen consumption using triiodothyronine (T3) and, thus, avoiding these confounding factors, the aim of the present study was to investigate renal hypoxia per se as a causal pathway for the development of nephropathy.Healthy Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with T3 (10 µg/kg/day) and the angiotensin II AT1-receptor antagonist candesartan (1 mg/kg in drinking water) to eliminate effects of T3-induced renin release for 7 weeks after which in vivo kidney function, oxygen metabolism and mitochondrial function were evaluated.T3 did not affect glomerular filtration rate or renal blood flow, but increased total kidney oxygen consumption resulting in cortical hypoxia. Nephropathy, demonstrated as proteinuria and albuminuria developed in T3-treated animals. Mitochondria uncoupling mediated by uncoupling protein 2 and the adenosine nucleotide transporter was demonstrated as a mechanism causing the increased kidney oxygen consumption. Importantly, blood glucose levels, mean arterial blood pressure and oxidative stress levels were not affected by T3. In conclusion, the present study provides further evidence for increased kidney oxygen consumption causing intrarenal tissue hypoxia, as a causal pathway for development of nephropathy.
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| 7. |
- Sivertsson, Fredrik, 1984-
(författare)
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Adulthood-limited offending : How much is there to explain?
- 2018
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Ingår i: Journal of criminal justice. - : Elsevier BV. - 0047-2352 .- 1873-6203. ; 55, s. 58-70
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- PurposeThe current study explores male and female adult-onset offending careers in a Swedish population-based longitudinal dataset comprising five successive birth cohorts which are followed prospectively on the basis of detailed conviction data to age 50.MethodsAdult-onset offenders are compared to juvenile-onset offenders on a number of criminal career measures. Growth curve analysis is employed to visualize average trajectories for convictions during adulthood.ResultsThe study found that 22% of convicted males and 38% of convicted females were convicted for the first time for offenses committed between ages 25 and 50. The adult-onset males contributed 19% of all male adulthood convictions and 16% of male violent convictions in adulthood. The adult-onset females contributed 47% of all female adulthood convictions and 48% of female violent convictions in adulthood. While the adolescent-onset trajectories displayed generally decreasing trends for offending in adulthood, adult-onset females displayed increasing trends in relation to trajectories of violence and drug/alcohol-related offending as they approached middle adulthood.ConclusionsThere is a need for developmental and life-course theories of crime to be explicit in explaining adult-onset offending, particularly in relation to gender disparities.
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| 8. |
- Sivertsson, Fredrik, 1984-
(författare)
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Catching Up in Crime? Long-Term Processes of Recidivism Across Gender
- 2016
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Ingår i: Journal of Developmental and Life-Course Criminology. - : Springer. - 2199-4641 .- 2199-465X. ; 2:3, s. 371-395
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Purpose: While males are heavily overrepresented in almost every crime category that may lead to a conviction, there is ambiguity in the predictive value of gender on recidivism patterns over the life course. By using a complete Swedish birth cohort born in 1965, the present study is able to examine the long-term recidivism patterns in a substantial number of convicted males (N = 27,071) and females (N = 7531) followed up to age 47. The aims are to (1) examine the extent to which long-term recidivism patterns are similar in males and females and (2) assess the predictive power of gender on recidivism as these males and females accumulate additional convictions over the course of their lives.Methods: Repeated event history data of criminal convictions is analyzed utilizing detailed information on convictions.Results: The analysis shows that the decline over time in the risk for recidivism, as previously demonstrated in male samples, is replicated for females. In connection with the first and second convictions, males had a stronger tendency toward recidivism than females, but the recidivism risk among females becomes increasingly similar to that found among males as convictions accumulate over the life course. The study also shows that being convicted of a drug offense is a more pronounced predictor of recidivism among females than among males.Conclusions: The results suggest that the predictive value of gender for recidivism is conditional on criminal history. The results are discussed in the light of developmental and life course theories of continuity in crime.
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| 9. |
- Sivertsson, Fredrik, 1984-
(författare)
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Criminal Careers in the Long Run : Patterns and Predictions of Criminal Convictions across Age, Time, and Gender
- 2018
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Why is it that a small proportion of the population accounts for the majority of crime? This question has stimulated a great deal of theoretical and methodological controversy in criminology. In essence, the debate is rooted in different theoretical underpinnings of continuity and change in crime, and the extent to which it is possible to foresee a life of crime by zeroing in on at-risk juvenile offenders. The current thesis explores four contentious empirical issues that may move this debate forward: the long-term predictability of persistent offending in adulthood on the basis of childhood risk factors (Study I); the magnitude of adult-onset offending (Study II); the predictive value of gender for criminal recidivism (Study III); and the association between birth cohort membership and criminal career parameters (Study IV). All four studies employ longitudinal Swedish administrative data, based on cohorts of individuals born between the early 1940s and the mid-1980s, and followed on the basis of detailed conviction data. The thesis also utilizes qualitative life-history narratives with former at-risk juvenile delinquents. The results suggest that theories aiming to explain crime beyond the transition to adulthood should incorporate factors presumed to cause within-individual change, even among high-risk juvenile offenders. Although childhood cumulative risk, including a wide range of individual, family, school, and peer measures, were clearly associated with adult crime, they had limited value for predicting those persistent offenders who eventually ended up in the tail of the crime distribution. Furthermore, although gender is generally one of the main demographic predictors of criminal convictions, the results indicate that it is important to include females for the purpose of understanding continuity and change in adulthood. This is in part because adult-onset offending is more prevalent within the female offending population than within the male offending population and in part because the risk for criminal recidivism among female offenders becomes increasingly similar to that found among male offenders as convictions accumulate over the life span. Finally, the results suggest that the typical criminal career has undergone significant changes both within and across gender groups during the period since the mid-1970s, a period which has witnessed a historical decline in the aggregate conviction rate in Sweden. Taking this into consideration, the employment and extensive analysis of longitudinal multiple cohort data ought to provide a basis for furthering our knowledge on the inherent complexity of crime trends, while at the same time also locating the study of criminal careers in its historical context.
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