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- Sjödin, Jörgen, 1970-, et al.
(författare)
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Calculating the marginal costs of a district-heating utility
- 2004
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Ingår i: Applied Energy. - 0306-2619 .- 1872-9118. ; 78:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- District heating plays an important role in the Swedish heat-market. At the same time, the price of district heating varies considerably among different district-heating utilities. A case study is performed here in which a Swedish utility is analysed using three different methods for calculating the marginal costs of heat supply: a manual spreadsheet method, an optimising linear- programming model, and a least-cost dispatch simulation model. Calculated marginal-costs, obtained with the three methods, turn out to be similar. The calculated marginal-costs are also compared to the actual heat tariff in use by the utility. Using prices based on marginal costs should be able to bring about an efficient resource-allocation. It is found that the fixed rate the utility uses today should be replaced by a time-of-use rate, which would give a more accurate signal for customers to change their heat consumptions.
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| 3. |
- Sjödin, Jörgen, 1970-, et al.
(författare)
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Emissions accounting for use and supply of electricity in the Nordic market
- 2004
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Ingår i: Energy Policy. - 0301-4215 .- 1873-6777. ; 32:13, s. 1555-1564
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In the deregulated Nordic electricity market, countries have varying kinds of power generation. In Norway, hydropower generation dominates. while the Swedish electricity production largely consists of equal shares of hydro and nuclear power production. There is a larger share of fossil fuel power generation in Finland and, especially, in Denmark. Cross-border trade between the countries is considerable. Increased use of electricity anywhere in the region may thus entail augmented emissions of greenhouse gases. The amount of increased emissions due to additional electricity usage will depend on the type of generation supplying the additional electricity. Similarly, a decrease in electricity usage may involve reduced greenhouse gas emissions. In this paper. we discuss some different ways to account for changes in greenhouse gas emissions because of a changed use or supply of electricity. A comprehensive accounting scheme should provide an accurate link between various types of energy measures and their related emissions in order to facilitate cost-effective carbon dioxide mitigation procedures.
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| 4. |
- Sjödin, Jörgen, 1970-
(författare)
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Swedish district heating systems and a harmonised European energy market : means to reduce global carbon emissions
- 2003
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Energy systems in Europe are becoming more harmonised and the European Union is working to establish a single market for energy. In this thesis, it is therefore regarded as a system failing to consider a separate and isolated Swedish energy system. Extending the system boundaries enables increased resource efficiency. System failings involve a discrepancy between institutional conditions and the motives for economy, when rationality for the individual actors is not rational to society.It is important to reduce the anthropogenic emissions of climate gases, carbon dioxide in particular. Climate changes with severe negative consequences can be expected unless radical measures are taken to reduce emissions.The aim of this thesis is to examine the possibilities to reduce carbon emissions in a harmonised EU energy market, and to identify system failings. In the thesis, it is shown how combined heat and power (CHP) generation in Sweden is able to reduce the global emissions of carbon dioxide and improve resource utilisation. Because combustion of biofuels is not considered to release any net amounts of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere, using biofuels in combined generation can displace carbon emissions from other power generation.In Sweden, where electric power supply is dominated by hydropower and nuclear power, increased use of electricity may cause emissions of carbon dioxide in another country. Inversely, decreased use of electricity can reduce total carbon emissions. Accordingly, electricity conservation measures undertaken in Sweden can reduce global carbon emissions. This occurs when the export of electricity from Sweden displaces power production involving fossil fuels, for example coal condensing power generation. Analogously, when decreased import of electricity to Sweden reduces fossil fuel generation in for example Denmark, total carbon emissions will decrease.System failings illustrated in the thesis include pricing of district heating that is not based on the marginal costs of the producer, but rather on the customers' willingness to pay. Another example of a system failing is the absence of prices for various kinds of environmental pollution, which could be introduced through, for example, uniform taxation schemes.
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