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- Engstrand, Per, 1955-, et al.
(author)
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A method of producing cellulosic pulp
- 1991
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Patent (pop. science, debate, etc.)abstract
- Mechanical and chemimechanical cellulose pulp, particularly paper pulp, is produced at a low energy input by disintegrating and beating wood material in one or more stages. Acccording to the invention, a substance capable of forming complexes with polyvalent metal ions, particularly calcium ions, so-called complexing agent, is added to the wood material prior to the beating process in order to replace said calcium or other polyvalent metal ions with sodium ions, therewith a further reduction in the energy input is obtained.
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| 2. |
- Karlström, Katarina, et al.
(author)
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Sulphur-free cooking for value added cellulose
- 2014
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In: Cellulose Chemistry and Technology. - 0576-9787. ; 48:9-10, s. 781-786
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- To study sulphur- and chlorine-free processes to produce pulps for triacetylation and preparation of films for LCD screen application was one of the aims in the EU project AFORE. It was shown possible to produce pulp suitable for triacetylation from Eucalyptus globulus chips with pre-hydrolysis soda cooking and a single oxygen delignification step. Pre-hydrolysis with water at elevated temperatures extracts wood components, mainly hemicelluloses and the wood matrix is opened to facilitate alkaline pulping. After a severe pre-hydrolysis extracting some 25% of the wood raw material, a subsequent soda cook reduces the lignin content to about 1%. The oxygen delignification step produces a pulp with low lignin content, kappa no 1.4, and low hemicelluloses content, < 2 wt% xylose. The resulting cellulose had high molar mass and produced highly transparent triacetate solutions. It was also possible to produce a transparent cellulose triacetate film by solution casting with good physical properties without using plasticizer. The process also results in a sulphur-free black-liquor suitable for lignin separation by the LignoBoost process. The resulting lignin is of high purity with low hemicelluloses content.
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
- Mankert, Charlotta, 1976-
(author)
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The Black-Litterman Model : Towards its use in practice
- 2010
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Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
- The Black-Litterman model is analyzed in three steps seeking to investigate, develop and test the B-L model in an applied perspective. The first step mathematically derives the Black-Litterman model from a sampling theory approach generating a new interpretation of the model and an interpretable formula for the parameter weight-on-views. The second step draws upon behavioural finance and partly explains why managers find B-L portfolios intuitively accurate and also comments on the risk that overconfident managers state too low levels-of-unconfidence. The third step, a case study, concerns the implementation of the B-L model at a bank. It generates insights about the key-features of the model and their interrelations, the importance of understanding the model when using it, alternative use of the model, differences between the model and reality and the influence of social and organisational context on the use of the model. The research implies that it is not the B-L model alone but the combination model-user-situation that may prove rewarding. Overall, the research indicates the great distance between theory and practice and the importance of understanding the B-L model to be able to keep a critical attitude to the model and its output. The research points towards the need for more research concerning the use of the B-L model taking cultural, social and organizational contexts into account.
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