| 1. |
- Berntsson, Ronnie P. -A., et al.
(författare)
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Structural insight into DNA binding and oligomerization of the multifunctional Cox protein of bacteriophage P2
- 2014
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Ingår i: Nucleic Acids Research. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0305-1048 .- 1362-4962. ; 42:4, s. 2725-2735
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Cox protein from bacteriophage P2 is a small multifunctional DNA-binding protein. It is involved in site-specific recombination leading to P2 prophage excision and functions as a transcriptional repressor of the P2 Pc promoter. Furthermore, it transcriptionally activates the unrelated, defective prophage P4 that depends on phage P2 late gene products for lytic growth. In this article, we have investigated the structural determinants to understand how P2 Cox performs these different functions. We have solved the structure of P2 Cox to 2.4 angstrom resolution. Interestingly, P2 Cox crystallized in a continuous oligomeric spiral with its DNA-binding helix and wing positioned outwards. The extended C-terminal part of P2 Cox is largely responsible for the oligomerization in the structure. The spacing between the repeating DNA-binding elements along the helical P2 Cox filament is consistent with DNA binding along the filament. Functional analyses of alanine mutants in P2 Cox argue for the importance of key residues for protein function. We here present the first structure from the Cox protein family and, together with previous biochemical observations, propose that P2 Cox achieves its various functions by specific binding of DNA while wrapping the DNA around its helical oligomer.
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| 2. |
- Massad, Tariq, et al.
(författare)
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Crystal structure of the P2 C-repressor : a binder of nonpalindromic direct DNA repeats
- 2010
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Ingår i: Nucleic Acids Research. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0305-1048 .- 1362-4962. ; 38:21, s. 7778-7790
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- As opposed to the vast majority of prokaryoticrepressors, the immunity repressor of temperateEscherichia coli phage P2 (C) recognizes nonpalindromicdirect repeats of DNA rather thaninverted repeats. We have determined the crystalstructure of P2 C at 1.8A ° . This constitutes the firststructure solved from the family of C proteins fromP2-like bacteriophages. The structure reveals thatthe P2 C protein forms a symmetric dimer orientedto bind the major groove of two consecutive turns ofthe DNA. Surprisingly, P2 C has great similarities tobinders of palindromic sequences. Nevertheless, thetwo identical DNA-binding helixes of the symmetricP2 C dimer have to bind different DNA sequences.Helix 3 is identified as the DNA-recognition motif inP2 C by alanine scanning and the importance for theindividual residues in DNA recognition is defined.A truncation mutant shows that the disorderedC-terminus is dispensable for repressor function.The short distance between the DNA-bindinghelices together with a possible interaction betweentwo P2 C dimers are proposed to be responsible forextensive bending of the DNA. The structure providesinsight into the mechanisms behind the mutants ofP2 C causing dimer disruption, temperature sensitivityand insensitivity to the P4 antirepressor.
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| 3. |
- Skaar, Karin, et al.
(författare)
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Crystal structure of the bacteriophage P2 integrase catalytic domain
- 2015
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Ingår i: FEBS Letters. - : Wiley. - 0014-5793 .- 1873-3468. ; 589:23, s. 3556-3563
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Bacteriophage P2 is a temperate phage capable of integrating its DNA into the host genome by site-specific recombination upon lysogenization. Integration and excision of the phage genome requires P2 integrase, which performs recognition, cleavage and joining of DNA during these processes. This work presents the high-resolution crystal structure of the catalytic domain of P2 integrase, and analysis of several non-functional P2 integrase mutants. The DNA binding area is characterized by a large positively charged patch, harbouring key residues. The structure reveals potential for large dimer flexibility, likely essential for rearrangement of DNA strands upon integration and excision.
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| 4. |
- Skaar, Karin, et al.
(författare)
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Expression and Subcellular Distribution of GFP-Tagged Human Tetraspanin Proteins in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
- 2015
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Ingår i: PLOS ONE. - : Public Library of Science (PLoS). - 1932-6203. ; 10:7
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Tetraspanins are integral membrane proteins that function as organizers of multimolecular complexes and modulate function of associated proteins. Mammalian genomes encode approximately 30 different members of this family and remotely related eukaryotic species also contain conserved tetraspanin homologs. Tetraspanins are involved in a number of fundamental processes such as regulation of cell migration, fusion, immunity and signaling. Moreover, they are implied in numerous pathological states including mental disorders, infectious diseases or cancer. Despite the great interest in tetraspanins, the structural and biochemical basis of their activity is still largely unknown. A major bottleneck lies in the difficulty of obtaining stable and homogeneous protein samples in large quantities. Here we report expression screening of 15 members of the human tetraspanin superfamily and successful protocols for the production in S. cerevisiae of a subset of tetraspanins involved in human cancer development. We have demonstrated the subcellular localization of overexpressed tetraspanin-green fluorescent protein fusion proteins in S. cerevisiae and found that despite being mislocalized, the fusion proteins are not degraded. The recombinantly produced tetraspanins are dispersed within the endoplasmic reticulum membranes or localized in granule-like structures in yeast cells. The recombinantly produced tetraspanins can be extracted from the membrane fraction and purified with detergents or the poly (styrene-co-maleic acid) polymer technique for use in further biochemical or biophysical studies.
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| 5. |
- Skaar, Karin, 1981-
(författare)
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Structural and biochemical studies of phage P2 DNA-binding proteins and human tetraspanins
- 2015
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Biochemical studies of proteins are crucial for a more detailed view of the world around us. The focus of biochemical studies can vary, from a complex mammalian system to a more simple viral entity, but the same methods and principles apply. In biochemistry one rely on both in vitro and in vivo analyses to understand biological processes. Protein crystallography has since the late 1950s been an additional important tool. By visualizing the structures of molecules involved in a biological process one can truly comprehend the molecular mechanisms of an organism or cell at the chemical level. This thesis includes structural biochemical work in combination with mutational and functional studies of proteins from both human and virus.Human tetraspanins are integral membrane proteins grouped by their conserved structural features. Many of them have been shown to regulate cell migration, fusion, and signalling in the cell by functioning as organizers of multi-molecular membrane complexes. Several tetraspanins are also implicated in different forms of human cancers. How tetraspanins perform their function is still not known at the molecular level and today very little structural data exist on complete tetraspanin proteins. Structural biochemical studies require mg quantities of purified protein, something that is not easily obtained for membrane proteins. This thesis includes a family-wide approach to achieve full-length tetraspanins for biochemical studies. To facilitate this process a GFP-based optimization scheme for production and purification of membrane proteins in E. coli and S. cerevisiae has been applied. By utilizing this approach, we identified 8 human tetraspanins that can be produced and isolated from either E. coli or S. cerevisiae, and in one case using either system.The temperate bacteriophage P2 is a virus, which can enter both the lytic and the lysogenic cycle upon infection of its host. The outcome of the infection is regulated by and dependent on several proteins encoded by the viral genome. The immunity repressor P2 and the Cox repressor direct the phage into either cycle. Integration and excision of the virus DNA requires the enzyme P2 integrase. The work in this thesis presents high-resolution crystal structures of these key proteins from the regulation of lysogeny in bacteriophage P2. By using a crystallographic approach in combination with mutational studies, key characteristics of these three proteins are presented.
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| 6. |
- Tarry, Michael, et al.
(författare)
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Production of human tetraspanin proteins in Escherichia coli
- 2012
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Ingår i: Protein Expression and Purification. - : Elsevier BV. - 1046-5928 .- 1096-0279. ; 82:2, s. 373-379
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Tetraspanins are found in multicellular eukaryotes and are generally thought to act as scaffolding proteins, localizing multiple proteins to a specific region of the cell membrane. Activities for tetraspanins have been identified in several fundamental processes such as motility, cell adhesion, proliferation and viral entry. Tetraspanins are also key players in cancer development and progression. However, structural and biochemical information on tetraspanins is decidely limited, due in no small part to the difficulties associated with expressing eukaryotic membrane proteins. In this study, we have used GFP fusions of a library of human tetraspanin proteins to identify growth conditions for expression in Escherichia coli. Three tetraspanin-GFP proteins could be produced at high enough levels to allow subsequent purification, paving the way for future structural and biochemical studies.
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