| 1. |
- Andersson, Ulf, 1963-, et al.
(författare)
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Pathways to arithmetic fact retrieval and percentage calculation in adolescents
- 2017
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Ingår i: British Journal of Educational Psychology. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 0007-0998 .- 2044-8279. ; 87:4, s. 647-663
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BackgroundDeveloping sufficient mathematical skills is a prerequisite to function adequately in society today. Given this, an important task is to increase our understanding regarding the cognitive mechanisms underlying young people's acquisition of early number skills and formal mathematical knowledge.AimsThe purpose was to examine whether the pathways to mathematics model provides a valid account of the cognitive mechanisms underlying symbolic-number processing and mathematics in adolescents. The pathways model states that the three pathways should provide independent support to symbolic-number skill. Each pathway's unique contribution to formal mathematics varies depending on the complexity and demand of the tasks.SampleThe study used a sample of 114 adolescents (71 girls). Their mean age was 14.60 years (SD = 1.00).MethodsThe adolescents were assessed on tests tapping the three pathways and general cognitive abilities (e.g., working memory). A structural equation path analysis was computed.ResultsSymbolic-number comparison was predicted by the linguistic pathway, the quantitative pathway, and processing speed. The linguistic pathway, quantitative pathways, and symbolic-number comparison predicted arithmetic fact retrieval. The linguistic pathway, working memory, visual analogies, and symbolic-number comparison predicted percentage calculation.ConclusionsThere are both similarities and differences in the cognitive mechanisms underlying arithmetic fact retrieval and percentage calculation in adolescents. Adolescents’ symbolic-number processing, arithmetic fact retrieval, and percentage calculation continue to rely on the linguistic pathways, whereas the reliance upon the spatial pathway has ceased. The reliance upon the quantitative pathway varies depending on the task.
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| 2. |
- Botvinik-Nezer, Rotem, et al.
(författare)
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Variability in the analysis of a single neuroimaging dataset by many teams
- 2020
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Ingår i: Nature. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0028-0836 .- 1476-4687. ; 582, s. 84-88
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Data analysis workflows in many scientific domains have become increasingly complex and flexible. Here we assess the effect of this flexibility on the results of functional magnetic resonance imaging by asking 70 independent teams to analyse the same dataset, testing the same 9 ex-ante hypotheses(1). The flexibility of analytical approaches is exemplified by the fact that no two teams chose identical workflows to analyse the data. This flexibility resulted in sizeable variation in the results of hypothesis tests, even for teams whose statistical maps were highly correlated at intermediate stages of the analysis pipeline. Variation in reported results was related to several aspects of analysis methodology. Notably, a meta-analytical approach that aggregated information across teams yielded a significant consensus in activated regions. Furthermore, prediction markets of researchers in the field revealed an overestimation of the likelihood of significant findings, even by researchers with direct knowledge of the dataset(2-5). Our findings show that analytical flexibility can have substantial effects on scientific conclusions, and identify factors that may be related to variability in the analysis of functional magnetic resonance imaging. The results emphasize the importance of validating and sharing complex analysis workflows, and demonstrate the need for performing and reporting multiple analyses of the same data. Potential approaches that could be used to mitigate issues related to analytical variability are discussed. The results obtained by seventy different teams analysing the same functional magnetic resonance imaging dataset show substantial variation, highlighting the influence of analytical choices and the importance of sharing workflows publicly and performing multiple analyses.
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
- Dahlbäck, Nils, et al.
(författare)
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Two ways of grounding the discussion on extended cognition
- 2011
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Ingår i: Expanding the Space of Cognitive Science. - : Cognitive Science Society, Inc.. - 9780976831877 ; , s. 2347-2352
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- We question two of the basic foundations of the Extended Mind hypothesis originally formulated by Clark and Chalmers, i.e. that all cognition is organism centered and that the important theoretical issues that the debate surrounding the Extended Mind hypothesis can fruitfully be resolved by to a large extent rely on invented examples of cognitive activities as the empirical foundation. We suggest that one way to proceed is to frame the hypothesis within the larger theoretical framework of activity theory, and another is to conduct extensive field studies of extended cognitive processes. We illustrate our position with examples of how these can be used to reformulate some of the aspects of the Extended Mind hypothesis.
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| 5. |
- Lind, Thérese, et al.
(författare)
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Competence, Confidence, and Gender: The Role of Objective and Subjective Financial Knowledge in Household Finance
- 2020
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Ingår i: Journal of Family and Economic Issues. - : SPRINGER INTERNATIONAL PUBLISHING AG. - 1058-0476 .- 1573-3475. ; 41:4, s. 626-638
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We studied the association of individual differences in objective financial knowledge (i.e. competence), subjective financial knowledge (i.e. confidence), numeric ability, and cognitive reflection on a broad set of financial behaviors and feelings towards financial matters. We used a large diverse sample (N = 2063) of the adult Swedish population. We found that both objective and subjective financial knowledge predicted frequent engagement in sound financial practices, while numeric ability and cognitive reflection could not be linked to the considered financial behaviors when controlling for other relevant cognitive abilities. In addition, both objective and subjective financial knowledge served as a buffer against financial anxiety, while we did not detect similar buffering effects of numeric ability and cognitive reflection. Subjective financial knowledge was found to be a stronger predictor of sound financial behavior and subjective wellbeing than objective financial knowledge. Women reported a lower level of subjective financial wellbeing even though they reported a more prudent financial behavior than men, when controlling for sociodemographics and cognitive abilities. Our findings help to understand heterogeneity in peoples propensity to engage in sound financial behaviors and have implications for important policy issues related to financial education.
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| 6. |
- Skagenholt, Mikael, et al.
(författare)
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Connectome-based predictive modeling indicates dissociable neurocognitive mechanisms for numerical order and magnitude processing in children
- 2023
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Ingår i: Neuropsychologia. - : PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD. - 0028-3932 .- 1873-3514. ; 184
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Symbolic numbers contain information about their relative numerical cardinal magnitude (e.g., 2 < 3) and ordinal placement in the count-list (e.g., 1, 2, 3). Previous research has primarily investigated magnitude discrimination skills and their predictive capacity for math achievement, whereas numerical ordering has been less systematically explored. At approximately 10-12 years of age, numerical order processing skills have been observed to surpass cardinal magnitude discrimination skills as the key predictor of arithmetic ability. The neurocognitive mechanisms underlying this shift remain unclear. To this end, we investigated childrens (ages 10-12) neural correlates of numerical order and magnitude discrimination, as well as task-based functional connectomes and their predictive capacity for numeracy-related behavioral outcomes. Results indicated that number discrimination uniquely relied on bilateral temporoparietal correlates, whereas order processing recruited the bilateral IPS, cerebellum, and left premotor cortex. Connectome-based models were not cross -predictive for numerical order and magnitude, suggesting two dissociable mechanisms jointly supported by vi-suospatial working memory. Neural correlates of learning and memory were predictive of age and arithmetic ability, only for the ordinal task-connectome, indicating that the numerical order mechanism may undergo a developmental shift, dissociating it from mechanisms supporting cardinal number processing.
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| 7. |
- Skagenholt, Mikael, et al.
(författare)
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Examining the Triple Code Model in numerical cognition: An fMRI study
- 2018
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Ingår i: PLOS ONE. - : PUBLIC LIBRARY SCIENCE. - 1932-6203. ; 13:6
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Triple Code Model (TCM) of numerical cognition argues for the existence of three representational codes for number: Arabic digits, verbal number words, and analog nonsymbolic magnitude representations, each subserved by functionally dissociated neural substrates. Despite the popularity of the TCM, no study to date has explored all three numerical codes within one fMRI paradigm. We administered three tasks, associated with each of the aforementioned numerical codes, in order to explore the neural correlates of numerosity processing in a sample of adults (N=46). Independent task-control contrast analyses revealed task-dependent activity in partial support of the model, but also highlight the inherent complexity of a distributed and overlapping fronto-parietal network involved in all numerical codes. The results indicate that the TCM correctly predicts the existence of some functionally dissociated neural substrates, but requires an update that accounts for interactions with attentional processes. Parametric contrasts corresponding to differences in task difficulty revealed specific neural correlates of the distance effect, where closely spaced numbers become more difficult to discriminate than numbers spaced further apart. A conjunction analysis illustrated overlapping neural correlates across all tasks, in line with recent proposals for a fronto-parietal network of number processing. We additionally provide tentative results suggesting the involvement of format-independent numerosity-sensitive retinotopic maps in the early visual stream, extending previous findings of nonsymbolic stimulus selectivity. We discuss the functional roles of the components associated with the model, as well as the purported fronto-parietal network, and offer arguments in favor of revising the TCM.
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| 8. |
- Skagenholt, Mikael, 1992-
(författare)
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Neurocognitive Foundations of Child and Adult Number Processing : Neural Correlates and Functional Circuits Across Typical Development
- 2022
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The ability to mentally represent the exact numerosity of up to four perceived objects, as well as approximately estimating differences in numerical magnitude, appears to constitute a core-cognitive number sense. Symbolic representations of number (e.g., “two” and “2”) have been argued to gain meaning through a mapping against the analog nonsymbolic numerical magnitude representation (e.g., ••). Alternatively, symbolic number processing abilities may develop independently of nonsymbolic numerical cognition, instead dependent on learning the order and content of the verbal count-list (i.e., 1, 2, 3, …). This thesis aimed to determine which of these proposals best correspond to the brain’s processing of numerical information, with implications for the development of mathematics curricula.Four neuroimaging studies provide biomarkers for typical numerical cognition. Results indicate that symbolic numbers increasingly acquire semantic reference from other symbols; nonsymbolic quantities are processed in an asemantic visuospatial manner; neural correlates reach adult-level maturity at 11 years of age; numerical order and magnitude recruit independent mechanisms; and that maturation of executive functions and lexico-semantics is key for symbolic number processing. These results support the view of increasingly independent mechanisms for symbolic and nonsymbolic numerical cognition across development.
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| 9. |
- Skagenholt, Mikael, et al.
(författare)
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Neurodevelopmental differences in child and adult number processing : An fMRI-based validation of the triple code model
- 2021
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Ingår i: Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience. - : Elsevier. - 1878-9293 .- 1878-9307. ; 48
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The triple code model of numerical cognition (TCM) details the neurocognitive mechanisms associated with perceiving and manipulating numerical information in exact symbolic (Arabic digits and number words) and approximate nonsymbolic numerical magnitude (e.g., dot arrays) representation codes. The current study provides a first empirical fMRI-based investigation into neurodevelopmental differences in 30 healthy children?s and 44 healthy adults? recruitment of neural correlates associated with the Arabic digit, number word, and nonsymbolic magnitude codes. Differences between the two groups were found in cingulate regions commonly associated with domain-general aspects of cognitive control, as opposed to neural correlates of number processing per se. A primary developmental difference was identified in verbal number discrimination, where only adults recruited left-lateralized perisylvian language areas in accordance with the TCM. We therefore call for a revision of the verbal code and a formulation of separate child and adult-specific neurocognitive mechanisms associated with the discrimination of number words. Although further research is necessary, results indicate that numerical discrimination abilities in middle-school-aged children operate close to adult-level maturity. Neurodevelopmental differences may be more apparent in younger children, or on the level of functional network dynamics as opposed to a shift in recruited neural substrates.
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| 10. |
- Skagenholt, Mikael, 1992-, et al.
(författare)
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Neurodevelopmental differences in task-evoked number network connectivity : Comparing symbolic and nonsymbolic number discrimination in children and adults
- 2022
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Ingår i: Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience. - : Elsevier. - 1878-9293 .- 1878-9307. ; 58
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Numerical cognition can take place in multiple representational formats, such as Arabic digits (e.g., 1), verbal number words (e.g., “two”), and nonsymbolic (e.g., •••) numerical magnitude. Basic numerical discrimination abilities are key factors underlying the development of arithmetic abilities, acting as an important developmental precursor of adult-level numeracy. While prior research has begun to detail the neural correlates associated with basic numerical discrimination skills in different representational formats, the interactions between functional neural circuits are less understood. A growing body of evidence suggests that the functional networks recruited by number discrimination tasks differ between children and adults, which may provide valuable insights into the development of numerical cognition. To this end, we posed two questions: how do the interactions between functional circuits associated with number processing differ in children and adults? Are differences in functional network connectivity modulated by numerical representational codes? A theoretically motivated 22 ROI analysis indicated significant functional connectivity differences between children and adults across all three codes. Adults demonstrated sparser and more consistent connectivity patterns across codes, indicative of developmental domain-specialization for number processing. Although neural activity in children and adults is similar, the functional connectivity supporting number processing appears subject to substantial developmental maturation effects.
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