| 1. |
- Ali, Hassan, et al.
(författare)
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Cost Estimation of CO2 Absorption Plants for CO2 Mitigation – Method and Assumptions
- 2019
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Ingår i: International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control. - : Elsevier BV. - 1750-5836. ; 88, s. 10-23
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The estimates of post combustion CO2 capture costs reported in the literature range from 50 €/tCO2 to 128 €/tCO2, reflecting differences in the cost estimation methods used, scopes of the analyses, and assumptions made. This variation in calculated costs is important when evaluating the feasibility of a technology and highlights the importance of ensuring consistency and transparency in cost estimations. This study establishes a cost estimation tool that highlights the effects of different assumptions on the overall cost of a capture plant and identifies the crucial technical and economic factors. The input is a simplified process flow diagram and equipment list. Detailed installation factors and the equipment cost are the two main elements used to derive the capital expenditures (CAPEX), which represent a fundamental component of the cost estimation approach. A detailed installation factor sheet is used for the capital cost estimation. The method is applied to a Base case that involves the capture of CO2 from the flue gas of a process industry, giving a capture cost of 62.5 €/tCO2. The Base case results reveal that the steam cost, electricity cost, and capital cost are the main contributors. This method can provide an overview of the main cost drivers, and a sensitivity analysis of the variable input parameters can be performed simply and quickly. The results obtained using this method can be valuable in the early phase of the project and contribute to decision making.
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| 2. |
- Ali, Hassan, et al.
(författare)
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Cost estimation of heat recovery networks for utilization of industrial excess heat for carbon dioxide absorption
- 2018
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Ingår i: International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control. - : Elsevier BV. - 1750-5836. ; 74, s. 219-228
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The absorption of CO 2 using solvents (e.g., amines) is considered a state-of-the-art, albeit energy-intensive process for CO 2 capture. While it is generally recognized that the utilization of waste heat has potential to reduce the energy-associated costs for CO 2 capture, the cost of waste heat recovery is seldom quantified. In this work, the cost of heat-collecting steam networks for waste heat recovery for solvent regeneration is estimated. Two types of networks are applied to waste heat recovery from the flue gases of four process industries (cement, silicon, iron & steel, and pulp & paper) via a heat recovery steam generator (HRSG). A novel approach is presented that estimates the capital and operational expenditures for waste heat recovery from process industries. The results show that the overall cost (CAPEX + OPEX) of steam generated from one hot flue gas source is in the range of 1.1–4.1 €/t steam. The cost is sensitive to economic parameters, installation factors, the overall heat transfer coefficient, steam pressure, and to the complexity of the steam network. The cost of steam from an existing natural gas boiler is roughly 5–20-times higher than that of steam generated from recovered waste heat. The CAPEX required to collect the heat is the predominant factor in the cost of steam generation from waste heat. The major contributor to the CAPEX is the heat recovery steam generator, although the length of the steam pipeline (when heat is collected from two sources or over long distances) is also important for the CAPEX.
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| 3. |
- Haugen, H. A., et al.
(författare)
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CCS in the Skagerrak/Kattegat area
- 2011
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Ingår i: Energy Procedia. 10th International Conference on Greenhouse Gas Control Technologies; Amsterdam; 19-23 September 2010. - : Elsevier BV. - 1876-6102. ; 4, s. 2324-2331
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper presents an ongoing project with the aim to assess a CO 2 infrastructure in the Skagerrak/Kattegat region (the sea bordered by north of Denmark, south coast of Norway and the west coast of Sweden). The area comprises 10-12 CO2 emission sources of more than 0.5 Mt/year. The geological and geophysical assessment of CO2 storage potential in the described area as well as reservoir modelling and simulations are performed in work package (WP) 1. The results from WP1 are used in the other work packages. Candidate storage sites are matched with those point sources in the region that are technically and economically feasible for CO2 capture, together with an assessment of the connecting infrastructure needs. WP 2 focuses on identifying optimal technological CO2 infrastructure solutions. Sources-to-sink solutions are in the process of being developed based on input from WP1 and WP3. Assessment of the build-up of a complete CCS infrastructure from a system perspective is the overall focus of WP 3, covering economical, practical and judicial aspects. The project group explores the economic potential for capture at each individual site including looking at other CO2 mitigation options and propose relevant capture technology with cost estimations. Dissemination of project results is organized in a separate work package, WP4.
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| 4. |
- Haugen, H.A., et al.
(författare)
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Infrastructure for CCS in the Skagerrak/Kattegat region, Southern Scandinavia: A feasibility study
- 2013
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Ingår i: Energy Procedia. - : Elsevier BV. - 1876-6102. ; 37, s. 2562-2569
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper gives an overview of results from a project which explored the feasibility of establishing a CO2 Capture and Storage infrastructure in the Skagerrak/Kattegat region of Southern Scandinavia. This involves assessment of the technical and economic parameters of the complete CCS chain and, in particular, identification of possible storage locations. The project ran from June 2009 to December 2011. Emissions from three major industrial clusters in the Skagerrak/Kattegat region - Gothenburg in Sweden, Grenland in Telemark County, southern Norway and Aalborg in Denmark - were targeted. Both emissions from process industries as well as power plants were included.
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| 5. |
- Jilvero, Henrik, 1984, et al.
(författare)
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Techno-economic evaluation of an ammonia-based post-combustion process integrated with a state-of-the-art coal-fired power plant
- 2014
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Ingår i: International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control. - : Elsevier BV. - 1750-5836. ; 31, s. 87-95
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A techno-economic evaluation of the application of an ammonia-based post-combustion CO2 capture system to an existing, state-of-the-art, coal-fired power plant. The study comprised an assessment of the ammonia-based capture process together with a detailed cost analysis, based on which the overall design of the capture process is presented, including a power plant integration strategy and estimates of the specific CO2 capture cost (€/tCO2). The evaluations of the power plant and the CO2 capture plant were based on process modeling. The cost analysis was based on the installed cost of each unit in the equipment list derived from the process simulation, which was determined using detailed-factor estimation. We show that the steam required for a CO2 capture efficiency of 90% lowers the electric output from 408.0MWel to 341.8MWel. The capital expenditure related to the retrofit of the reference power plant with CO2 capture is 230M€ and the operating expenditure is determined to be 66.5M€/year, corresponding to a relative capture cost of 35€/tCO2. Furthermore, the present work proposes design improvements that may reduce the cost of capture to 31€/tCO2.
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| 6. |
- Johnsson, Filip, 1960, et al.
(författare)
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Linking the Effect of Reservoir Injectivity and CO 2 Transport Logistics in the Nordic Region
- 2017
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Ingår i: Energy Procedia. - : Elsevier BV. - 1876-6102. ; 114, s. 6860-6869
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- We compare the cost for CO 2 -transport by ship with cost for pipeline transport in the Nordic region as a function of transport volume and distance. We also calculate the pipeline volumetric break-even point yielding the minimum CO 2 volume required from a specific site for pipeline to become the less costly transport option and finally, we investigate the effect injectivity may have on the choice of reservoir and transport mode. Most stationary CO 2 -emissions in the Nordic region originate from emission intensive industries such as steel, cement and chemical plants and refineries. Typically, their emissions are modest (less than 1 Mt per year) compared to large coal fired power plants, while distances to potential storage sites are considerable, often 300 km or more. Hence, build-up of clusters of emission sources and CO 2 -volumes is likely to take time and be costly. At the same time, many of the emission sources, both fossil based and biogenic, are located along the coast line. The results imply that due to modest CO 2 -volumes and relatively long transport distances CO 2 transport by ship is the least costly transportation option for most of the sources individually as well as for most of the potential cluster combinations during ramp-up of the CCS transport and storage infrastructure. It is furthermore shown that cost of ship transport increases modestly with increasing transport distance which, in combination with poor injectivity in reservoirs in the Baltic Sea, indicate that it may be less costly to transport the CO 2 captured from Finnish and Swedish sources located along the Baltic Sea a further 800-1300 km to the west by ship for storage in aquifers with higher injectivity in the Skagerrak region or in the North Sea.
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| 7. |
- Kjärstad, Jan, 1956, et al.
(författare)
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Recommendations on CO2 transport solutions
- 2015
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The aim of this report is 1) to recommend transport solutions for CO2 sources in the Nordic region, here defined as the least costly transport mode for the selected CCS cases in NORDICCS and 2) to analyze the potential for establishment of CO2 clusters by means of a transportation network around the selected CCS cases in order to reduce the transportation cost. Comparing cost for pipeline transport with cost for ship transport, it is concluded that both for the majority of the selected cases as well as for most of the emission sources in the region, ship transport will be the least costly transport mode for each source individually. It is also concluded that ship transport is the most appropriate transport mode for most of the potential clusters in the region during a ramp-up phase. This is closely related to underutilization of pipelines and risk taking in connection with underutilized pipelines. For distances shorter than 100 km and volumes smaller than 1 Mtpa, e.g. corresponding to a typical collection system containing multiple coastal sources, it has been calculated that onshore pipeline in most cases will be the least costly transport solution. More generally, it can be stated that the break-even distance where ship transport becomes least costly than pipeline transport increases as the volume increases. Yet, it should be emphasized that discharge from a ship offshore and positioning of smaller ships during injection will need to be demonstrated. An obvious but still important conclusion is that constrained storage capability may have a profound impact on design and cost of a CO2 transport system. In fact, a poor storage capability in the reservoirs in the Baltic Sea may render ship transport to Gassum and Utsira a less costly transport and storage option than the reservoirs in the Baltic Sea. Finally, it is concluded that in the Nordic region, the Kattegat-Skagerrak area probably offers the best opportunities for a Nordic CCS system, possibly driven initially by CO2 EOR which potentially may require a start-up already in 2020.
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| 8. |
- Kjärstad, Jan, 1956, et al.
(författare)
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Transport of CO2 in the nordic region
- 2014
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Ingår i: Energy Procedia. - : Elsevier BV. - 1876-6102. ; 63, s. 2683-2690
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- NORDICCS is a virtual CCS networking platform aiming for increased CCS deployment in the five Nordic countries. This paper reports from work investigating options for CO2 transport infrastructure in the Nordic region. Five specific CCS cases have been selected from which capture is analyzed in detail and from which CO2 transport cost has been calculated assuming CO2 being captured only at the site itself or, assuming the selected capture site develops into a CO2-hub with CO2 from several adjacent sources. In the latter case cost has been calculated defining for what volumes pipeline transport becomes less costly than corresponding ship transport. Additionally, cost for both pipeline and ship transport has been calculated as a function of distance and volume in order to apply these calculations to derive the least costly transport mode for the fifty-five largest sources in the region with a coastal location. Also, the effect on cost for systems that will require ramp-up (i.e. transported volumes increase over time) has been calculated. Finally, an analysis of the potential for build-up of clusters in the region was performed. The work clearly shows that ship transport is the least costly transport option, not only for the five selected cases individually but also for most of the emission sources located along the coastline. The work also shows that ship transport is the least costly transport option for most of the potential clusters in the region during the ramp-up phase. An obvious but still important conclusion is that constrained storage capability and injectivity may have a profound impact on design and cost of a CO2 transport system.
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| 9. |
- Normann, Fredrik, 1982, et al.
(författare)
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Partial Capture of Carbon Dioxide from Industrial Sources - A Discussion on Cost Optimization and the CO2 Capture Rate
- 2017
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Ingår i: Energy Procedia. - : Elsevier BV. - 1876-6102. ; 114, s. 113-121
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- This work discusses the cost optimal capture rate of absorption based carbon capture processes by a combination of process simulations and cost-estimation. The influence of the quality of the CO2 source (quantity, continuity and CO2 concentration) and the availability of low cost heat on the absolute and specific capture cost are highlighted. The results stress that partial capture of CO2 could lower the specific capture cost (€/ton CO2) and that the relation between capital expenditure and lowered energy demand should be reconsidered for cases with access to low-cost heat.
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| 10. |
- Òsk Gardarsdòttir, Stefanìa, 1987, et al.
(författare)
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Investment costs and CO2 reduction potential of carbon capture from industrial plants – A Swedish case study
- 2018
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Ingår i: International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control. - : Elsevier BV. - 1750-5836. ; 76, s. 111-124
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this work, the investment required to apply CO2capture to large-scale industrial sources is assessed and discussed in a case study of Sweden - a highly industrialized region with relative proximity to large and well-documented storage sites in the Norwegian North Sea. The Swedish process industry is characterized by a large share of biogenic emissions, and therefore has a considerable Bio-Energy with Carbon Capture and Storage (BECCS) potential. The capital cost for CO2capture is estimated for a standard MEA-based CO2absorption process. The CO2absorption process is applied to several industries – pulp and paper, oil and gas, steel, cement and chemical production – and dimensioned using process modeling. The equipment cost is subsequently estimated using a detailed individual factor estimation method. The capture costs are compared to estimates of the cost for transport and storage.
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