| 1. |
- Biermann, Max, 1989, et al.
(författare)
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Scenario for near-term implementation of partial capture from blast furnace gases in Swedish steel industry
- 2019
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Iron-and-steel making is a carbon-intensive industry and responsible for about 8% of global CO2 emissions. Meeting CO2 reduction targets is challenging, since carbon is inherent in the dominating production route in blast furnaces. Long-term plans to phase out carbon and change production technique are under way, such as iron ore reduction with hydrogen[1][2] won from renewable energies or electro winning[3], however unlikely to be implemented at scale before 2040 [4]. Until a transition to such technologies is completed, carbon leakage will remain to be a threat to steel industry inside EU ETS system. CCS remains an option for steel industry to comply with reduction targets and meet rising allowance (EUA) prices, currently above 20 €/t. Most studies on CCS propose a capture rate of ≥ 90 %[5–7], however, CCS could be considered as a part of a series of measures (e.g. fuel change, energy efficiency measures) that together achieve a significant reduction in CO2 emissions until a carbon-neutral production is in place. This line of thought motivates the concept of partial capture, where only the most cost effective part of the CO2 emissions are separated for storage [8]. In steel industry, high CO2 concentrations at large flows and the availability of excess heat make partial capture attractive. Previous work on the steel mill in Luleå, Sweden, emits around 3.1 Mt CO2 per year, has found that 40-45 % of site emissions can be captured fueled by excess heat alone[9]. Therein, five heat recovery technologies were assessed, ranging from back pressure operation of CHP turbine to dry slag granulation. Promising CO2 sources on site include flue gases from hot stoves and the combined-heat and power plant, and the process gas originating from the blast furnace – blast furnace gas (BFG). BFG is a pressurized, low value fuel used for heating on site. CO2 separation from BFG requires less reboiler heat for MEA regeneration, and the enhanced heating value of the CO2 lean BFG increases energy efficiency of the steel mill [9]. This work discusses the near-term (the 2020s) implementation of partial capture at a Swedish steel mill and the economic viability of such implementation dependent on the energy price, carbon price, and required reductions in CO2 emissions. Based on previous work [9][10,11] on partial capture in steel industry a cost estimation of a capture system for the BFG is conducted including CAPEX and OPEX of the MEA capture unit, gas piping, and recovering heat from the steel mill. The costs are summarized as equivalent annualized capture cost (EAC) and set into relation to transport and storage costs as well as carbon emission costs to form the net abatement cost (NAC) according to Eq. (1) ???=???+ ?????????&??????? ???? −?????? ????? [€/???2] (1) Figure 1 shows how EAC for BFG varies with the capture rate and the cost of steam for different heat recovery technologies represented by the steps in the curve ( see explanation in [9]). Note that partial capture from BFG is more economical than the full capture benchmark. The most cost-efficient case of 28 €/t CO2 captured is achieved for BFG capture fueled by steam from back-pressure operation (at the expense of electricity production), flue gas heat recovery and flare gas combustion. The transport and storage cost applied in Eq (1) represent ship transport from the Bothnian Bay to a storage site in the Baltic Sea , according to Kjärstad et el.[12]. Transport and storage cost range within 17 – 27 €/t CO2 depending on scale. These installation and operation cost for capture, transport and storage are set into relation with various scenarios on future carbon and energy (electricity) prices in Europe and Sweden. For example, Figure 2 illustrates a scenario in line with IEA’s sustainable development scenario to restrict global warming to 2°C. The carbon prices are adapted from WEO 2018 [13] and increase from 20 € to 120 € per tonne CO2 by 2040 and the electricity prices of 42-52 €/MWh (increasing with time) are based on latest results from the NEPP project [14]. In this scenario, partial capture from BFG could become economic viable in 2029, construction in 2020 with operation from 2022/23 onwards is likely to pay off within a lifetime of 20 years only. This work demonstrates the viability of partial capture as cost-efficient mitigation measure for the steel industry and illustrates conditions for an early implementation in the 2020s. This work is part of the CO2stCap project (Cutting Cost of CO2 Capture in Process Industry) and funded by Gassnova (CLIMIT programme), the Swedish Energy Agency, and industry partners.
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| 2. |
- Kjärstad, Jan, 1956, et al.
(författare)
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Ship transport – a low cost and low risk CO2 transport option in the Nordic countries
- 2016
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Ingår i: International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control. - : Elsevier BV. - 1750-5836. ; 54, s. 168-184
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper investigates CO2 transport options and associated costs for CO2-sources in the Nordic region. Cost for ship and pipeline transport is calculated both from specific sites and as a function of volume and distance. We also investigate the pipeline volumetric break-even point which yields the CO2 volume required from a specific site for pipeline to become a less costly transport option than ship transport. Finally, we analyze possible effects from injectivity on the choice of reservoir and transport mode. The emission volumes from the Nordic emission sources (mostly industries) are modest, typically between 0.1 to 1.0 Mt per year, while distances to feasible storage sites are relatively long, 300 km or, in many cases, considerably more. Combined, this implies both that build-up of an inland CO2 collection system by pipeline will render high cost and that it is likely to take time to establish transportation volumes large enough to make pipeline transport cost efficient (since this will require multiple sources connected to the same system). At the same time, many of the large emission sources, both fossil based and biogenic, are located along the coast line.It is shown that CO2 transport by ship is the least costly transportation option not only for most of the sources individually but also for most of the potential cluster combinations during ramp-up of the CCS transport and storage infrastructure. It is also shown that cost of ship transport only increases modestly with increasing transport distance. Analyzing the effect of injectivity it was found that poor injectivity in reservoirs in the Baltic Sea may render it less costly to transport the CO2 captured from Finnish and Swedish sources located along the Baltic Sea by ship a further 800-1300 km to the west for storage in better suited aquifers in the Skagerrak region or in the North Sea.
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| 3. |
- Normann, Fredrik, 1982, et al.
(författare)
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CO2stCap - Reducing the Cost of Carbon Capture in Process Industry
- 2019
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The CO2stCap-Project is a Norwegian-Swedish research initiative that was initiated in Year 2015 to reduce the cost of carbon capture in the process industry by developing concepts for the partial capture of emissions. The project is based on the premises that carbon capture and storage (CCS) is commercially available and can be implemented on a large scale, and that CCS is a required part of the solution to reduce global emissions of CO2 in line with the 1.5°C target. However, the substantial efforts made to develop low-carbon technologies have resulted in little implementation, as the value assigned to mitigating CO2 emissions is still too low relative to the risk associated with the considerable investment required, both from the industry and societal perspectives. The CO2stCap-Project is designed to enable the goals related to the reduction of CO2 emissions that have been established at the national, regional and global levels.
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| 4. |
- Skagestad, Ragnhild, 1978, et al.
(författare)
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GCCSI Webinar: Cutting Cost of CO2 Capture in Process Industry (CO2stCap) Project overview & first results for partial CO2 capture at integrated steelworks
- 2017
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- GCCSI Webinar: Cutting Cost of CO2 Capture in Process Industry (CO2stCap) Project overview & first results for partial CO2 capture at integrated steelworks This publication has the format of a webinar: The CO2StCap project is a four year initiative carried out by industry and academic partners with the aim of reducing capture costs from CO2 intensive industries (more information here). The project, led by Tel-Tek, is based on the idea that cost reduction is possible by capturing only a share of the CO2 emissions from a given facility, instead of striving for maximized capture rates. This can be done in multiple ways, for instance by capturing only from the largest CO2 sources at individual multi-stack sites utilising cheap waste heat or adapting the capture volumes to seasonal changes in operations. The main focus of this research is to perform techno-economic analyses for multiple partial CO2 capture concepts in order to identify economic optimums between cost and volumes captured. In total for four different case studies are developed for cement, iron & steel, pulp & paper and ferroalloys industries. The first part of the webinar gave an overview of the project with insights into the cost estimation method used. The second part presented the iron & steel industry case study based on the Lulea site in Sweden, for which waste-heat mapping methodology has been used to assess the potential for partial capture via MEA-absorption. Capture costs for different CO2 sources were discussed, demonstrating the viability of partial capture in an integrated steelworks.
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| 5. |
- Skagestad, Ragnhild, 1978, et al.
(författare)
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Webinar: The CO2stCap project and overall results
- 2019
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- [recording at IEAGHG available on youtube - see link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9tLLGKmMT9Y] The webinar will give an overview of the final results of the CO2stCap project. The CO2stCap-Project is a Norwegian-Swedish research initiative initiated in the Year 2015 to reduce the cost of carbon capture in the process industry by developing concepts for partial capture. The project focuses on four industrial processes that have process-related emissions of CO2 - that is, emissions are not only from heat supply but also part of the manufacturing process. Such emissions are likely to require CCS as they are difficult to reduce by measures like fuel-shift, electrification, or energy efficiency improvements. The project has showed that partial capture may reduce the cost for CO2 capture, and can be a first step for moving CCS forwards. Both technical and economical results will be presented at the webinar. Ragnhild Skagestad, SINTEF Industry will present " The CO2stCap project and overall results Max Bierman, Chalmers University will present " Scenario for near-term implementation of partial capture from blast furnace gases in Swedish steel industry" Anette Mathisen, SINTEF Industry will present " CO2 capture opportunities in the Norwegian silicon industry" Jens Wolf at RISE Bioeconomy will present " Partial Capture of CO2 From a Pulp Mill with Focus on Cost Reduction"
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| 6. |
- Sundqvist, Maria, et al.
(författare)
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Cost Efficient Partial CO2 Capture at an Integrated Iron and Steel Mill
- 2018
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Ingår i: GHGT 2018 - 14th International Conference on Greenhouse Gas Control Technologies. - : Elsevier.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Mitigation of anthropogenic CO2 emissions is our time most important challenge. For large emission sources, such as the iron and steel industry, implementation of CO2 capture is often discussed as a mean to achieve low emission targets. However, a major obstacle is the cost associated with large scale capture. This article aims to show how capture cost can be lowered by smart integration of partial CO2 capture powered by excess heat associated into SSAB Europe’s integrated plant in Luleå. Three point sources were investigated; flue gas from hot stoves (HS), blast furnace gas (BFG), and flue gas from CHP plant. Compared to the two end-of-pipe scenarios, capture on BFG will improve the overall energy utilization, leaving room for more available steam to be used for capture which lowers the specific cost of CO2
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