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- Blomqvist, Per, 1972-
(författare)
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Samtal om skrivbedömning : Lärares normer, beslut och samstämmighet
- 2018
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This thesis reports and discusses results from a qualitative study of Swedish teachers' writing assessment in upper secondary school. Based on teacher group discussions, the study investigates teachers' interactions, expressions of norms and decisions when assessing and grading students' writing in the subject of Swedish.The aim of the study is to describe and analyze how teachers interact and what they pay attention to when discussing writing assessment. In relation to this aim the following three research questions were posed: (1) What characterizes the teachers' conversations about writing assessment? (2) What assessment norms do the teachers express? (3) What decisions do they make?The theoretical perspectives are dialogical and pedagogical. From a dialogical point of view, the assessment conversations are considered as social acts where teachers in interaction collectively create meaning. Furthermore, the assessment conversations are considered as pedagogical, as a part of teachers' reflective work to discuss how to assess students' work and how to make decisions about further instructions and grading. The methods used to describe and analyze interactional patterns, expressions of norms and decisions in these assessment conversations are topic analysis and initiative-response-analysis.The empirical data consists of audio and video recordings from three teacher groups' conversations about writing assessment, comprising a total of 17 Swedish teachers from three upper secondary schools. Data was also collected via a questionnaire with the individual teacher's grading of the students' writing and evaluation of the assessment conversations.The results show that teachers' assessments of students' writing focus on much more, and partly other, criteria than their pedagogical decisions. The quality standards that teachers express in the discussions about student texts focus mostly on communicative quality, language style and text structure but also on content and the use of sources. The pedagogical decisions, on the other hand, almost exclusively focus on text structure and the use of sources.The results also show that shortcomings in the students' texts are crucial for teachers' summative assessments. Meanwhile, the teachers also express that students' age, their writing development in the course and the national test must be considered. These assessment norms can be compensatory and have a substantial impact on these teachers' decisions on summative assessments. The teacher groups show considerable variation in the basis for their decisions regarding summative assessment of students' writing.Finally, the teachers demonstrate a high degree of consistency within each teacher group when discussing summative assessment of students' writing. However, the assessments that individual teachers make after the discussions comply only to some extent with the group's decisions. The least degree of consistency was shown by the teacher group who, in the discussion, seemed the most consistent. Decision-making processes in these discussions are characterized by low intensity, where few assessment alternatives are being considered. The overall assessment consistency between the teacher groups was found to be low.
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- Blomqvist, Per, 1972-, et al.
(författare)
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Vad behöver eleverna undervisning i för att utveckla sitt skrivande? Förväntningsnormer och didaktiska beslut i svensklärares bedömningssamtal
- 2016
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Ingår i: Acta Didactica Norge - tidsskrift for fagdidaktisk forsknings- og utviklingsarbeid i Norge. - : University of Oslo Library. - 1504-9922. ; 10:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- I studien samtalar tre lärargrupper om elevers skrivande och skrivundervisning i ämnet svenska på gymnasiet. Det teoretiska perspektiv som läggs på dessa samtal är didaktiskt och inriktas på hur lärare formulerar och använder bedömningsinformation om elevers skrivande för beslut om skrivundervisningens innehåll. Resultatet visar att lärares bedömningar av elevers skrivande behandlar fler och delvis andra aspekter av skrivförmåga än vad deras didaktiska beslut sedan omfattar. De kvalitetsuppfattningar och förväntningsnormer som lärarna uttrycker i sina bedömningar av elevers skrivande inriktas huvudsakligen på texters kommunikativa kvaliteter, den stilistiska utformningen och textuppbyggnaden, följt av ämnesinnehåll och källanvändning. De didaktiska beslut som fattas utifrån bedömningen av elevers texter inriktas däremot i stort sett enbart på att eleverna behöver skrivundervisning i att disponera text och att använda källor. Detta gör att överensstämmelsen är låg mellan lärarnas beslut om skrivundervisningens inriktning och deras förväntningar på vad eleverna ska kunna. De didaktiska besluten omfattar i begränsad utsträckning den bedömningsinformation som lärarna själva har formulerat.
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- Bremholm, Jesper, et al.
(författare)
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A review of Scandinavian writing research between 2010 and 2020
- 2021
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Ingår i: Writing & Pedagogy. - : Equinox Publishing. - 1756-5839 .- 1756-5847. ; 13:1-3, s. 7-49
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Scandinavian writing research forms a relatively new field, with an increased num-ber of studies conducted in the last two decades. In this qualitative synthesis review of 87 peer reviewed journal articles from Denmark, Norway, and Sweden published between 2010 and 2020, the aim was to outline the landscape of current educational writing research from the region. The sample included research articles published in both Scandinavian and international journals. Our analysis focused on the articles' research approaches and main themes regarding the object of investigation. The main themes identified were Writing Instruction, Writing Assessment, and Students' Text. We found a predominance of studies conducted in the context of language arts/first language (L1) education, concerning either disciplinary or general aspects of writing. We also found a predominance of approaches based on either sociocul-tural or social semiotic theory. Furthermore, a majority of the reviewed studies were explorative and small-scale, and, for the Writing Assessment studies in particular, directed at the secondary stages of school. The results suggest a call for future studies focusing on writing interventions and studies deploying a wide range of method-ological approaches, as well as studies based on inter-Scandinavian collaborations across Denmark, Norway, and Sweden.
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- Csöregh, Anna-Marie, 1967-
(författare)
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Fairest of them all? : Assessment identity development among Swedish student and novice teachers of English as a foreign language
- 2022
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This thesis explores language students and novice teachers’ assumptions and beliefs about assessment and grading, how they view themselves as assessors, and whether their opinions change over time with increased teaching experience. Besides exploring questions such as how student and novice teachers think about quality assessment, there is the question of what challenges teachers face in assessing one language (English), among many others known or spoken in the linguistically heterogeneous classroom. As in many other European countries, the multilingual classroom has brought changes to the Swedish educational context, where the predominantly monolingual classroom was previously the norm. This research project builds on the assumption that there is something that can be called assessment identity, and that competence is gained through dialogical processes between the individual and the context. The research context is focused on Swedish middle school, where the subject of English is taught as a foreign language, and where students are usually 10–12 years old.A mixed methods methodology was used in a sequential explanatory design. Different data collection methods were used in two partly overlapping phases over a period of 2.5 years. In the first phase, an anonymous online survey was answered by 128 students. In the second phase, 17 novice teachers participated in recurrent focus-group interviews and occasional in-depth interviews. The total amount of data analysed comprised 158 surveys and 39 hours of interview recordings where both types of data were analysed mainly with qualitative content analysis. The results display diverse beliefs and assumptions about assessment among the participants; two main themes of fairness and accountability are highlighted. Based on the findings, a four-field model is introduced, where assessment identities are positioned according to their technical/formal or pedagogical approach, and their compliance to the accountability system. This model of language assessment identity positions, LAIP, is seen as the major contribution of the study.Findings visualised using the LAIP model, reveal a need to address assessment identity formation during teacher education before teachers are confronted with all the complexities of assessment. Moreover, the study provides a nuanced understanding of assessment identity formation and accentuates the importance of the immediate context for classroom assessment practices, high- and low-stakes alike. Being able to problematise different teacher roles and assessment identities as part of the learning process of how to become a teacher may counteract feelings of stress and inadequacy. It would also help novices to connect what is learnt at university to what is encountered at work.The thesis aims at problematising different assessment identity positions and how they relate to the aims of equality and quality assessment by which a recognition of different positions would be acknowledged and opened up for discussion. In this way, different assessment practices or assessment identities could be discussed on a system level, away from a more opinionated level. This would mean to accept different positions as legitimate expressions of different ideals and contexts. This broad outlook on assessment identity development could be used to strengthen all types of teachers.
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| 6. |
- Graham, Steve, et al.
(författare)
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Credibly assessing writing transcription skills. Application of Generalizability Theory
- 2023
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Ingår i: Yanyan Ye, Tomohiro Inoue, Urs Maurer, Catherine McBride (eds.), Routledge International Handbook of Visual-motor skills, Handwriting, and Spelling: Theory, Research, and Practice. - London : Routledge. - 9781032255743 ; , s. 177-193
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study used generalizability theory to examine the reliability of three transcription measures: handwriting fluency assessed with a copying task and handwriting legibility and spelling assessed with rating scales. A reliable estimate of handwriting fluency at grade one and two can be obtained with a single copying task and rater. Multiple raters and composition tasks in grades one and two are needed to obtain reliable estimates of handwriting legibility and spelling based on rating scales.
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| 7. |
- Graham, Steve, et al.
(författare)
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Teaching writing during the COVID‑19 pandemic in the 2021–2022 school year
- 2023
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Ingår i: Reading and writing. - 0922-4777.
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study examined if in-class, online, and hybrid (in-class and on-line) instruction provided to middle and high school students in the U.S. differed during the third school year of the COVID-19 pandemic. It also provided a description of how writing was taught to secondary students. Thirty-eight middle and high school teachers (32 female, 6 male), who mostly taught languages arts (84%), were asked to complete a survey each day during the 2020/2021 school year for a single class that best represented how they taught writing. The survey included questions about mode of instruction (in-class at school, online, and hybrid), whether writing or writing instruction was provided that day, and if so, whether 11 specific writing activities occurred. Teachers completed 2676 surveys, and their responses indicated there was only one statistically detectable difference between in-class, online, and hybrid lessons in terms of the proportion of lessons that included each of the targeted writing activities or the time devoted to them. The only difference involved creating digital written products, which occurred more often in hybrid lessons than at school in-class lessons, but not more often in online lessons One significant finding across all reported lessons was that teachers devoted little time to teaching writing. Writing and writing instruction did not occur in close to one-third of all lessons; teachers typically included only one writing activity in a lesson; and an average of just 19 min a lesson was devoted to the targeted writing activities.
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| 8. |
- Graham, Steve, et al.
(författare)
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Teaching writing in the primary grades in Norway : a national survey
- 2020
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Ingår i: Reading and writing. - : Springer. - 0922-4777 .- 1573-0905. ; 34:2, s. 529-563
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A sample of 1049 Norwegian teachers in grades 1–3 were surveyed about how they taught writing as well as their preparation and efficacy to do so. Although there was moderate variability in their response to survey items, most teachers provided students with a multi-faceted writing program. Teachers indicated students typically spent 20 min a day writing, and they were assigned various types of writing over the course of the school year. The average teacher applied numerous instructional practices frequently to teach writing skills, support students’ writing, provide students with feedback, and conference with them about writing. Less commonly, teachers taught planning and revising, promoted students’ motivation for writing, and applied evaluation data to adjust writing instruction. While teachers were not generally positive about their preservice preparation to teach writing, they believed that their inservice preparation was adequate. They were slightly to moderately positive about their efficacy to teach writing. Teachers’ beliefs about preparation and efficacy as well as their use of data-driven practices each uniquely predicted teachers’ reported writing practices. Recommendations for future research were offered.
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| 9. |
- Hort, Sofia, 1984-
(författare)
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Skrivprocesser på högskolan : Text, plats och materialitet i uppsatsskrivandet
- 2020
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The purpose of this study is to explore how students in a higher education context handle the writing of their final essay. Applying a sociomaterial approach, the study offers comprehensive case studies of students’ writing processes. The thesis attempts to show how student writers handle writing challenges through different technologies and at different places. It does so by implementing the Mobile Technologies Process Logs (MTPL)-method, wherein participating students take an active role to create and gather data on their own writing processes.The results show that some students’ textual work could be described in terms of being comprehensive, and hence handled through varied writing technologies at various writing places. These students write a lot of texts to move the writing process forward. Other writers take a more product-oriented view in their writing, and hence write through fewer technologies, at a few places, and with a wish to finish their final text product directly. Many of the students make explicit how they process the literature through writing texts. The knowledge production, the analysis, which is central to academic writing, seems however more implicit and difficult for the students to handle, specifically if having a product oriented view on writing. The results also show how students mobilize different textual actions to meet challenges that writing an (digital) essay implies. This work is clearly emplaced ,at diverse or at more homogenous writing places.It is significant to make textual strategies as well as the functions of writing technologies and place visible to all students. It seems vital at times where higher education, as well as the students entering this institution, are put in front of a raft of (new) challenges. At the same time as the idea of the bad student writer is prevailing, higher education institutions seem not to teach how an academic writing process could be managed in successful ways. This thesis contributes to this field of inquiry with results on how students’ writing processes can be characterized.
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| 10. |
- Kraft, Sanna, 1984-
(författare)
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Tala fram texten : När barn med läs- och skrivsvårigheter skriver med tal-till-text
- 2023
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Effective writing is a crucial skill that requires not only the mastery of various sub-processes but also deliberate orchestration of those sub-processes within the constraints of limited working- memory capacity. In practice, some of those sub-processes, such as transcription (spelling and handwriting), need to be automatised to free up capacity for other processes. Unfortunately, children who struggle with spelling rarely manage to fully automatise transcription. This often has a negative impact both on their writing process and on the final text. One solution to this problem could be to let them use speech-to-text (STT), because this would allow them to avoid spelling by using their voice to create text.This thesis consists of four articles where I investigate whether, and if so how, composing by means of STT can facilitate writing for children (aged 10–13) with reading and writing difficul- ties. I analyse both the composition processes and the final texts. I make comparisons both with text production by means of a keyboard and with a reference group of children without difficul- ties. In addition, I explore whether and how successful use of STT correlates with individual linguistic and cognitive skills. Overall, my results suggest that STT can indeed facilitate some aspects of writing for children with reading and writing difficulties, though not emphatically. In my studies, the use of STT does not yield any improvements at group level in processes such as meaning-related revisions or in assessed text quality. However, one important caveat is that the participants received only a very short introduction to STT. In general, the ability to use a new tool effectively is of course likely to improve with instruction and practice. Importantly, my results do suggest that instruction in STT use in conjunction with writing processes such as revising is crucial for successful usage of this tool.
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