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| 2. |
- Fahlén, Josef, 1974-, et al.
(författare)
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The introduction of gender quotas in sport governing bodies and the conceptualizations of 'adequate' representation
- 2019
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Ingår i: Book of Abstracts 2019 International Sociology of Sport Conference. - : University of Otago. ; , s. 18-18
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The purpose of this study is twofold. First, we aim to construct knowledge on the conceptualizations of democratic representation that underpin selection processes to sport organization boards. Second, we seek to examine responses to policy tools used to achieve 'adequate' representation in sport governance (e.g., gender quotas) that these conceptualizations of representation may give rise to in order to be able to discuss some of the uninteded consequences that may follow on the use of policy tools in this area. The analysis draws on data from interviews with representatives of 62 (out of 72) Swedish National Sport Organizations' nomination committees and focuses on the relationship between views of representation and stances towards an impeding introduction of a mandatory 40/60 board gender quota in all governing bodies in Swedish voluntary sport. The analysis elucidates, first, that conceptualizations among the interviewees may be categorized as either 'standing for' or 'acting for' views of representation (Fenichel Pitkin, 1972). Second, responsiveness to the introduction of a gender quota is shown to be related to these views of representation, with the dominating acting for view of representation being linked to a sceptic stance towards a quota. These findings suggest that employing policy tools such as gender quotas runs the risk of giving rise to two uninteded consequences: 1) creating overrepresentation of a gender in a board not matching the gender distribution in the membership-cadre (something that may be viewed as undemocratic); and 2) overshadowing other, equally important, representation categories (e.g., age or geographic origin).
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| 4. |
- Skille, Eivind Å., et al.
(författare)
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Government policy for indigenous (Sámi) sport – A chain of legitimating acts?
- 2019
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Ingår i: Book of Abstracts for the World Congress of Sociology of Sport 2019. ; , s. 19-19
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- When Norwegian state policy repeatedly abandons the organization of indigenous (Sámi) sport (SVL-N) in order to honour the implicit contract with the organization of conventional (Norwegian sport, NIF), six elements of legitimating acts are in play: legitimacy-seeking organisation, subject, sources, strategy, bases and scenario. These elements intersect within each phase of the policy process: agenda setting, policy formulation, policy implementation and evaluation. As visible when focusing on the legitimacy-seeking organization and subject, the goal for sport clubs is, to legitimate themselves, and providing support to sport is a core task of local authorities. So when municipalities and local NIF federated sport clubs legitimate each other, Sámi sport organizations are excluded from the legitimating chain. Focusing on a national example, youth sport is both a subject, and it is a strategy used by NIF to legitimate implementation of other policies such as supporting and arranging mega events. When substantial strategies are coupled with symbolic strategies, the risk for so-called ceremonial conformity decoupling is immanent. In conclusion, consequences—often unintended—resulting from legitimating acts in one phase have legitimacy-related implications for other phases of the policy process. That said, being included in the chain is the core issue to receive economic support for sport. Consequently, a newcomer such as the SVL-N struggles to set itself on the agenda of sport policy because acts in other phases consciously legitimate the NIF structure and its member organizations.
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| 5. |
- Skille, Eivind Å., et al.
(författare)
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(Lack of) government policy for indigenous (Sámi) sport : A chain of legitimating and de-legitimating acts
- 2022
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Ingår i: International Review for the Sociology of Sport. - : Sage Publications. - 1012-6902 .- 1461-7218. ; 57:1, s. 112-128
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- While colonization as policy is formally a historic phenomenon in Norway and elsewhere, many former structures of state organization – including their relationship to sport – remain under post-colonial conditions. This paper is concerned with how the Norwegian government contributes to creating a situation, which includes the Norwegian sports confederation (NIF) but excludes the indigenous people Sámi's sports organisation. Based on existing data and literature, we analyse how the state favours NIF through a chain of legitimating acts. Thus, sport is a preserve of colonization, where a one-sided legitimation parallels a de-legitimation of the overarching sport policy goal of sport-for-all. However, there are signs of change whereby actors are challenging NIF’s monopoly and 'older' state-sport regimes.
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| 6. |
- Skille, Eivind Å., et al.
(författare)
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Private football academies - friend or foe? : an analysis of Norwegian media's framing of arguments about private football academies and the monopoly of organized sport
- 2023
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Ingår i: International Review for the Sociology of Sport. - : Sage Publications. - 1012-6902 .- 1461-7218. ; 58:8, s. 1263-1281
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Private football academies challenge the monopoly of Norwegian voluntary and democratic sport. Using field theory and framing approach as analytical perspectives, this article presents a media analysis that reveals that, first, association football and private academies agree on the fact that Norwegian football is not good enough and must improve. Second, they disagree on whether to improve it within association football exclusively or supplemented by private actors that are inspired by the international football field. Third, there is a negative popular view of private academies as too expensive, unconcerned with children's best interests, in violation of Norwegian sport's regulations for children's sport, and-in sum-thus being accused of destroying 'sport for all'. However, by employing the analytical concepts of habitus and fields, the article also shows how actors partake in several subfields-often on both sides of the private-association barder.
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| 7. |
- Skille, Eivind Å., et al.
(författare)
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Stakeholder relationships in the work of anti-doping
- 2022
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Ingår i: Stakeholder Analysis and Sport Organisations. - London : Routledge. - 9781003111917
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This chapter scrutinises the international work of antidoping with the application of stakeholder theory on three distinct levels: 1) the governing level with WADA as the focal organisation; 2) the implementation level with a Norwegian Anti-Doping Organisation as focal unit and 3) the individual political level with the Norwegian sport minister, who has also been the vice president of WADA, as the case. We argue that stakeholder theory has a modest value as a descriptive tool for mapping the pattern of interorganisational relations; however, it obscures power relations and creates an impression of a benign leadership doing its best to accommodate the interests of stakeholders. In other words, stakeholder theory is an ideological construct that suits the interests of established interests. In the case of anti-doping, we find that this is especially prominent for stakeholders such as media, IOC, IFs, etc., rather than athletes – who are impacted to the highest extent by the anti-doping regimes. Seeing the international work on anti-doping as an organisational field, we provide a rationale for considering institutional theory as a suitable alternative analytical framework.
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| 8. |
- Skille, Eivind Å., et al.
(författare)
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The politics of organizing indigenous sport – cross-border and cross-sectoral complexity
- 2023
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Ingår i: European Sport Management Quarterly. - : Routledge. - 1618-4742 .- 1746-031X. ; 23:2, s. 526-543
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Research Question: The authors studied the complexity surrounding the organization of sport in nations without nationstate status, exploring three research questions: (1) How do representatives of Sámi sport organizations in Finland and Norway perceive and act upon the proposal to reorganize Sámi sport? (2) How do representatives of the Sámi parliaments in Finland and Norway perceive and act upon the proposal to reorganize Sámi sport? (3) How do representatives of the state bureaucracy in Finland perceive and act upon the proposal to reorganize Sámi sport?Research Methods: We interviewed representatives of the Sámi parliaments and Sámi sport in Norway and Finland, an external consultant in Norway and a state official of Finland constituting a total of eight key actor interviews.Results and Findings: The analysis revealed the dominant role of the Norwegian side of Sámi sport, largely based on the institutional power of the Sámi parliament in Norway. In that respect, voluntary sport organizations in both Finland and Norway were reluctant to consider or were even negative towards an ongoing reorganization of Sámi sport since it was initiated by the Norwegian authorities and by the Norwegian Sámi parliament.Implications: Decision-makers in government agencies involved in cross-border and cross-sectoral issues should consider the opinions of all parties involved. Moreover, concerning indigenous groups striving for self-determination in post-colonial contexts, it is important to create a unified voice in matters important to the group as a collective.
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| 9. |
- Skille, Eivind Å., et al.
(författare)
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The role of sport organizations for local and national community : the case of Sámi sport organizations
- 2020
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Ingår i: European Sport Management Quarterly. - : Taylor & Francis. - 1618-4742 .- 1746-031X. ; 20:2, s. 239-254
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Research question: This paper investigates (1) how representatives of Sámi sport clubs understand local and national communities, and (2) and the role of the sport organization in the creation and perception of local and national community. The study contributes to the research field by showing how sport organizations are the basis of the community, locally and nationally.Research methods: Interviews were conducted with seven board members representing five Sámi sport clubs in four municipalities. The sport clubs were all members of the Sámi sport organization, and located in core Sámi areas where Sámi language and culture is manifested in everyday life. Sámi are the indigenous peoples of the northern Norway, Sweden, Finland and north-west Russia.Results and findings: For sport club representatives, Sámi sport refers to specific activities associated with Sámi husbandry heritage, and to the Sámi sport organization. Sport clubs function as community organizations at the local level. Moreover, through affiliation with the Sámi sport organization, the sport clubs are the link to the Sámi national community. Sámi indigeneity is played out internally in the local community as well as on the borderline to other communities with other ethnic compositions.Implications: The study revealed a complex relationship between the local and national elements of indigeneity, and between the internal and the external elements. These elements of multiculturalism and sport clubs require to be taken into account in future sport management and policy-making in addition to multicultural policies towards immigrant sport participation and organization.
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| 10. |
- Stenling, Cecilia, 1981-
(författare)
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The drive for change : putting the means and ends of sport at stake in the organizing of Swedish voluntary sport
- 2015
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The aim of this thesis is to create knowledge on processes of change in the contemporary organizing of Swedish voluntary sport and the systems of meaning at work in these processes. The thesis proceeds from the assumption that the contemporary public sport policy climate is characterized by a pressure on organized sport to change in order for sport to better serve as an implementer of non-sport goals. In attempting to capture the possible ramifications of this pressure on the organizing of voluntary sport, the thesis work relies on the argument that processes of change are best captured in instances where new and established ideas are confronted with one another. Following this argument and drawing upon the concept of theorization, the first research question treated in the thesis concerns how legitimacy is established for a new practice (reported in Article 1). The second research question addressed is how, why, and with what consequences new ideas on organizing are implemented in sport organizations (reported in Article 2 & 3). In relation to this question, the concepts of translation and organizational identity are mobilized in the analysis. Empirically, these two questions are addressed using data from 29 interviews covering the emergence and organizing of organized spontaneous sport, so-called Drive in sport, in four Swedish municipalities. The analysis relating to these two questions shows that the same systems of meaning invoked to legitimize and specify Drive-in sport as a practice that has the potential to remedy problems being faced by both the Swedish society and the Swedish sports movement, also made Drive-in sport an unlikely developmental direction for the majority of implementing sport clubs. This process is understood with reference to a mismatch between the organizational identity of the clubs and the cultural material of the idea of Drive-in sport. This insight is brought into the formulation of the third research question treated in the thesis, which is concerned with sport clubs’ readiness, willingness, and ability to respond to policy changes (reported in Article 4). Building on data from short, qualitative interviews with representatives from 218 randomly selected sport clubs, 10 organizational identity categories are constructed. Between these categories, there is a variety of clubs’ core purposes, practices, and logics of action. The implications of this heterogeneity, in terms of sport clubs’ role as policy implementers, are discussed with reference to what clubs in each category might "imagine doing." The analysis provided in the thesis as a whole suggests that at stake in processes of change in the contemporary organizing of Swedish voluntary sport, is the very definition and meaning of sport.
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