| 1. |
- Klionsky, Daniel J., et al.
(författare)
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Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy
- 2012
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Ingår i: Autophagy. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1554-8635 .- 1554-8627. ; 8:4, s. 445-544
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- In 2008 we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, research on this topic has continued to accelerate, and many new scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Accordingly, it is important to update these guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Various reviews have described the range of assays that have been used for this purpose. Nevertheless, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to measure autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. A key point that needs to be emphasized is that there is a difference between measurements that monitor the numbers or volume of autophagic elements (e.g., autophagosomes or autolysosomes) at any stage of the autophagic process vs. those that measure flux through the autophagy pathway (i.e., the complete process); thus, a block in macroautophagy that results in autophagosome accumulation needs to be differentiated from stimuli that result in increased autophagic activity, defined as increased autophagy induction coupled with increased delivery to, and degradation within, lysosomes (in most higher eukaryotes and some protists such as Dictyostelium) or the vacuole (in plants and fungi). In other words, it is especially important that investigators new to the field understand that the appearance of more autophagosomes does not necessarily equate with more autophagy. In fact, in many cases, autophagosomes accumulate because of a block in trafficking to lysosomes without a concomitant change in autophagosome biogenesis, whereas an increase in autolysosomes may reflect a reduction in degradative activity. Here, we present a set of guidelines for the selection and interpretation of methods for use by investigators who aim to examine macroautophagy and related processes, as well as for reviewers who need to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of papers that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a formulaic set of rules, because the appropriate assays depend in part on the question being asked and the system being used. In addition, we emphasize that no individual assay is guaranteed to be the most appropriate one in every situation, and we strongly recommend the use of multiple assays to monitor autophagy. In these guidelines, we consider these various methods of assessing autophagy and what information can, or cannot, be obtained from them. Finally, by discussing the merits and limits of particular autophagy assays, we hope to encourage technical innovation in the field.
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| 2. |
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| 3. |
- Carvalho, E. de, et al.
(författare)
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EU FP7 INFSO-ICT-317669 METIS, D3.1 Positioning of multi-node/multi-antenna technologies
- 2013
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This document describes the research activity in multi-node/multi-antenna technologies within METIS and positions it with respect to the state-of-the-art in the academic literature and in the standardization bodies. Based on the state-of-the-art and as well as on the METIS objectives,we set the research objectives and we group the different activities (or technology components) into research clusters with similar research objectives. The technologycomponents and the research objectives have been set to achieve an ambidextrous purpose. On one side we aim at providing the METIS system with those technological components that are a natural but non-trivial evolution of 4G. On the other side, we aim at seeking for disruptivetechnologies that could radically change 5G with respect to 4G. Moreover, we mapped the different technology components to METIS’ other activities and to the overall goals of theproject.
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| 4. |
- Fantini, R, et al.
(författare)
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EU FP7 INFSO-ICT-317669 METIS, D3.2 First performance results for multi-node/multi-antenna transmission technologies
- 2014
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This deliverable describes the current results of the multi-node/multi-antenna technologies investigated within METIS and analyses the interactions within and outside Work Package 3. Furthermore, it identifies the most promising technologies based on the current state of obtained results. This document provides a brief overview of the results in its first part. The second part, namely the Appendix, further details the results, describes the simulation alignment efforts conducted in the Work Package and the interaction of the Test Cases. The results described here show that the investigations conducted in Work Package 3 are maturing resulting in valuable innovative solutions for future 5G systems.
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| 5. |
- Fodor, Gábor, et al.
(författare)
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An Overview of Device-to-Device Communications Technology Components in METIS
- 2016
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Ingår i: IEEE Access. - : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). - 2169-3536. ; 4, s. 3288-3299
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- As the standardization of network-assisted deviceto-device (D2D) communications by the 3 rd Generation Partnership Project progresses, the research community has started to explore the technology potential of new advanced features that will largely impact the performance of 5G networks. For 5G, D2D is becoming an integrative term of emerging technologies that take advantage of the proximity of communicating entities in licensed and unlicensed spectra. The European 5G research project Mobile and Wireless Communication Enablers for the 2020 Information Society (METIS) has identified advanced D2D as a key enabler for a variety of 5G services, including cellular coverage extension, social proximity and communicating vehicles. In this paper, we review the METIS D2D technology components in three key areas of proximal communications – network-assisted multi-hop, full-duplex, and multi-antenna D2D communications – and argue that the advantages of properly combining cellular and ad hoc technologies help to meet the challenges of the information society beyond 2020.
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| 6. |
- Zafar, B., et al.
(författare)
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Network product coding
- 2010
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Ingår i: 2010 7th IEEE Consumer Communications and Networking Conference, CCNC 2010. - : IEEE. - 9781424451753 ; , s. -266
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Network coding is a useful tool to increase the multicast capacity of networks. The traditional approach to network coding involving XOR operation has several limitations such as low robustness and can support only two users/packets at a time,per relay, in the mixing process to achieve optimal error performance. We propose the employment of product coding at the relay station instead of xor and investigate such a system where we use the relay to generate product codes by combining packets from different users. Our scheme uses relays to transmit only the redundancy of the product code instead of the whole product code. We seek to employ product coding can be able to support more than two users/packets per relay per slot, while maintaining a good error performance. Our scheme can accomodate as many users per relay as the costituent block code allows, thus reducing the number of relays required in the network.Product codes also offer increased robustness and flexibility as well as several other advantages, such as proper structure for burst error correction without extra interleaving. We compare the performance of such a scheme to the conventional xor scheme and see that our scheme not only reduces the number of relays required but gives improved error performance as well as. Another encouraging result is that our scheme starts to significantly outperform the conventional one by introducing a gain at the relay.
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| 7. |
- Fodor, G., et al.
(författare)
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An Overview of Device-to-Device Communications Technology Components in METIS
- 2016
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Ingår i: IEEE Access. - : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). - 2169-3536 .- 2169-3536. ; 4, s. 3288-3299
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- As the standardization of network-assisted device-to-device (D2D) communications by the Third Generation Partnership Project progresses, the research community has started to explore the technology potential of new advanced features that will largely impact the performance of 5G networks. For 5G, D2D is becoming an integrative term of emerging technologies that take an advantage of the proximity of communicating entities in licensed and unlicensed spectra. The European 5G research project Mobile and Wireless Communication Enablers for the 2020 Information Society (METIS) has identified advanced D2D as a key enabler for a variety of 5G services, including cellular coverage extension, social proximity, and communicating vehicles. In this paper, we review the METIS D2D technology components in three key areas of proximal communications-network-assisted multi-hop, full-duplex, and multi-antenna D2D communications-and argue that the advantages of properly combining cellular and ad hoc technologies help to meet the challenges of the information society beyond 2020.
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| 8. |
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| 9. |
- Slimane, S.B., et al.
(författare)
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Performance of Wireless LAN's in Radio Channels
- 2000
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Ingår i: IEEE International Conference on Multiaccess, Mobility And Teletraffic for Wireless Communications (IEEE MMT'2000).
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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