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- Schäfer, Sarah K., et al.
(författare)
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To sleep or not to sleep, that is the question : A systematic review and meta-analysis on the effect of post-trauma sleep on intrusive memories of analog trauma
- 2023
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Ingår i: Behaviour Research and Therapy. - : Elsevier. - 0005-7967 .- 1873-622X. ; 167
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Distressing intrusive memories of a traumatic event are one of the hallmark symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder. Thus, it is crucial to identify early interventions that prevent the occurrence of intrusive memories. Both, sleep and sleep deprivation have been discussed as such interventions, yet previous studies yielded contradicting effects. Our systematic review aims at evaluating existing evidence by means of traditional and individual participant data (IPD) meta-analyses to overcome power issues of sleep research. Until May 16th, 2022, six databases were searched for experimental analog studies examining the effect of post-trauma sleep versus wakefulness on intrusive memories. Nine studies were included in our traditional meta-analysis (8 in the IPD meta-analysis). Our analysis provided evidence for a small effect favoring sleep over wakefulness, log-ROM = 0.25, p < .001, suggesting that sleep is associated with a lower number of intrusions but unrelated to the occurrence of any versus no intrusions. We found no evidence for an effect of sleep on intrusion distress. Heterogeneity was low and certainty of evidence for our primary analysis was moderate. Our findings suggest that post-trauma sleep has the potential to be protective by reducing intrusion frequency. More research is needed to determine the impact following real-world trauma and the potential clinical significance.
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| 2. |
- Hemi, Alla, et al.
(författare)
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Cognitive flexibility moderates the efficacy of a visuospatial intervention following exposure to analog trauma
- 2023
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Ingår i: Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry. - : Elsevier. - 0005-7916 .- 1873-7943. ; 81
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background and objectives: Intrusive memories are the hallmark feature of Post-Traumatic-Stress-Disorder (PTSD). Recent studies show that a visuospatial intervention after viewing traumatic films reduces intrusive memories in healthy individuals. However, many individuals still exhibit high levels of symptoms following such an intervention, warranting continued investigation into specific characteristics moderating intervention effect. One such candidate is cognitive-flexibility, defined as the ability to update behavior according to contextual demands. The present study examined the interactive effect of cognitive-flexibility and a visuospatial intervention on intrusive memories, predicting that higher flexibility would be associated with stronger intervention effects.Methods: Sixty participants (Mage = 29.07, SD = 4.23) completed a performance-based paradigm evaluating cognitive-flexibility, watched traumatic films, and were allocated to either an intervention or a no-task control group. Intrusions were assessed by means of laboratory and ambulatory assessment, and the intrusion subscale of the Impact-of-Events-Scale-Revised (IES-R).Results: Participants in the intervention group experienced fewer laboratory intrusions than the control group. However, this effect was moderated by cognitive-flexibility: Whereas individuals with below-average cognitiveflexibility did not benefit from the intervention, it was significantly beneficial for individuals with average and above-average cognitive-flexibility. No group differences emerged in the number of ambulatory intrusions or IESR scores. However, cognitive-flexibility was negatively correlated with IES-R scores across both groups.Limitations: The analog design may limit the extent of generalization to real-world traumatic events.Conclusions: These results point to a potentially beneficial effect of cognitive-flexibility on intrusion development, particularly in the context of visuospatial interventions.
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