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| 2. |
- Berndes, Göran, 1966, et al.
(författare)
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Expanding sugarcane ethanol production in Brazil - Socioeconomic and climate effects of expanding sugarcane ethanol production in the Pontal do Paranapanema region (State of São Paulo, Brazil)
- 2007
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the 15th European Biomass Conference & Exhibition - From research to market Deployment, Berlin, Germany, 7-11 May 2007.
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This paper presents results from a study of socioeconomic and climate effects connected to a sugarcane expansion scenario in the Pontal do Paranapanema region, São Paulo state, Brazil. Sugarcane production is expected to grow in the São Paulo state. Pontal do Paranapanema is the only region in the state where a large scale sugarcane expansion can take place and there is a concern that without guidelines the expansion might affect income growth in a negative way. A scenario where the settlers in the region gain from the sugarcane expansion was modelled. The models showed that it is possible to introduce sugarcane in the region with positive effects both on income growth and greenhouse gas emissions.
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| 3. |
- Berndes, Göran, 1966, et al.
(författare)
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Is it possible to avoid bad impacts by using good fuel ethanol?
- 2010
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Much of the global production of biofuels is considered to be non-sustainable. Brazilian sugarcane ethanol, on the other hand, is normally judged to be “good”. Swedes are anxious only to use fuel ethanol with the best climate characteristics in a life-cycle perspective, and the bulk of ethanol used in Sweden comes from Brazil. The Swedish Environmental Protection Agency has identified some crucial issues which often are left out from discussions. These might be of extra importance for the Swedish ethanol use: - Might Swedish demand for good ethanol indirectly raise the demand for “bad” ethanol, such as US maize ethanol with fossil energy input? Or is it possible to encourage the production of exclusively “good” ethanol by choosing such (certified) ethanol? This depends on how the international market for fuel ethanol works. - To what extent does increased Swedish, or European, demand encourage the long-term supply of ethanol? What supply elasticities are there in Brazil and globally? If increased European use only means that we take hold of a fixed supply, the climate benefit compared to fossil fuels will not occur. The analyses are further complicated by the fact that there might be land-use competition between fuel, feedstuffs and food. When available land becomes more limited, increased production might necessitate breaking new soil, which could lead to emissions of climate-changing gases elsewhere. Consequently it is not only the fuel market itself that needs to be analysed.
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| 4. |
- Egeskog, Andrea, 1981, et al.
(författare)
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Actions and opinions of Brazilian farmers who shift to sugarcane : an interview-based assessment with discussion of implications for land-use change
- 2016
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Ingår i: Land use policy. - Kidlington : Elsevier. - 0264-8377 .- 1873-5754. ; 57, s. 594-604
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Sugarcane ethanol systems can deliver large greenhouse gas emissions savings if emissions associated with land-use change are kept low. This qualitative study documents and analyzes actions and opinions among Brazilian farmers who shift to sugarcane production. Semi-structured interviews were held with 28 actors associated with sugarcane production in three different regions: one traditional sugarcane region and two regions where sugarcane is currently expanding. Most farmers considered sugarcane a land diversification option with relatively low economic risk, although higher risk than their previous land use. Beef production was considered a low-risk option, but less profitable than sugarcane. In conjunction with converting part of their land to sugarcane, most farmers maintained and further intensified their previous agricultural activity, often beef production. Several farmers invested in expanded production in other regions with relatively low land prices. Very few farmers in the expansion regions shifted all their land from the former, less profitable, use to sugarcane. Very few farmers in this study had deforested any land in connection with changes made when shifting to sugarcane. The respondents understand "environmental friendliness" as compliance with the relevant legislation, especially the Brazilian Forest Act, which is also a requirement for delivering sugarcane to the mills. Indirect land-use change is not a concern for the interviewed farmers, and conversion of forests and other native vegetation into sugarcane plantations is uncontroversial if legal. We derive hypotheses regarding farmers' actions and opinions from our results. These hypotheses aim to contribute to better understanding of what takes place in conjunction with expansion of sugarcane and can, when tested further, be of use in developing, e.g., policies for iLUC-free biofuel production.
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| 5. |
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| 6. |
- Egeskog, Andrea, 1981, et al.
(författare)
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Integrating bioenergy and food production - A case study of combined ethanol and dairy production in Pontal, Brazil
- 2011
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Ingår i: Energy for Sustainable Development. - : Elsevier BV. - 2352-4669 .- 0973-0826. ; 15:1, s. 8-16
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Increased Brazilian sugarcane ethanol production is expected in response to increasing domestic andinternational ethanol demand. The Pontal do Paranapanema region, located in the western parts of the SãoPaulo state, is one of the regions where sugarcane is expected to expand on a large scale. This expansion willmost likely affect small-scale dairy farmers in the region and may lead to displaced milk production.Interviews have been made with small-scale dairy farmers in areas where sugarcane has already beenestablished. These interviews show that many farmers who substitute milk production for sugarcaneproduction experience economic stagnation after the change. However, both systems can coexist, usingsugarcane residues as high-quality cattle feed. This feed can easily be made at the ethanol mills usingsugarcane residues and some additional protein and mineral supplements. Analyses indicate that the dairyfarmers can increase their income ten-fold by adopting this integrated system. The increased total output andhigher land-use efficiency in dairy production may counteract possible indirect land-use change. Greenhousegas emissions per unit of milk produced as well as liter ethanol produced depend on several factors, includingeffects of diverting bagasse from other uses to feed production.
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| 7. |
- Englund, Oskar, 1982, et al.
(författare)
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A new high-resolution nationwide aboveground carbon map for Brazil
- 2017
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Ingår i: Geo: Geography and Environment. - : Wiley. - 2054-4049. ; 4:2, s. e00045-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Brazil is home to the largest tracts of tropical vegetation in the world, harbouring high levels of biodiversity and carbon. Several biomass maps have been produced for Brazil, using different approaches and methods, and for different purposes. These maps have been used to estimate historic, recent, and future carbon emissions from land use change (LUC). It can be difficult to determine which map to use for what purpose. The implications of using an unsuitable map can be significant, since the maps have large differences, both in terms of total carbon storage and its spatial distribution. This paper presents comparisons of Brazil’s new ‘official’ carbon map; that is, the map used in the third national communication to the UNFCCC in 2016, with the former official map, and four carbon maps from the scientific literature. General strengths and weaknesses of the different maps are identified, including their suitability for different types of studies. No carbon map was found suitable for studies concerned with existing land use/cover (LULC) and LUC outside of existing forests, partly because they do not represent the current LULC sufficiently well, and partly because they generally overestimate carbon values for agricultural land. A new map of aboveground carbon is presented, which was created based on data from existing maps and an up- to-date LULC map. This new map reflects current LULC, has high accuracy and resolution (50 m), and a national coverage. It can be a useful alternative for scientific studies and policy initiatives concerned with existing LULC and LUC outside of existing forests, especially at local scales when high resolution is necessary, and/or outside the Amazon biome. We identify five ongoing climate policy initiatives in Brazil that can benefit from using this map.
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| 8. |
- Englund, Oskar, 1982, et al.
(författare)
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Oil Palm for Biodiesel in Brazil: Potentials and Trade-offs
- 2014
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Ingår i: World Bioenergy 2014 Proceedings. - 9789197762489 ; , s. 140-148
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Oil palm is a land efficient feedstock alternative for biodiesel production and can be a very profitable alternative for farmers. In this study, a spatially explicit model is used to: (i) map and quantify areas in Brazil where oil palm establishment for biodiesel production would be profitable (positive net present value, NPV) in different future scenarios; (ii) estimate corresponding biodiesel production volumes and analyze trade-offs between such biodiesel production, greenhouse gas emissions reduction, and nature conservation; and (iii) investigate whether pricing of carbon emissions from land use change might help to steer oil palm production away from lands where conversion would bring the largest impacts on biodiversity or ecosystem carbon stocks. The scenarios include oil, coal, and carbon price pathways from the IEA World Energy Outlook and both the present and prospective situations concerning road infrastructure in Brazil. It is found that palm oil production for biodiesel can be profitable (positive NPV) on very large areas; that such production can conflict with greenhouse gas emissions reduction and nature conservation objectives in many places, but also provide opportunities to meet multiple objectives. Depending on scenario, some 65-80 Mha of land could support biodiesel production corresponding to more than 10% of the global diesel demand, without causing any direct land use change emissions and without inflicting on high conservation value areas.
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| 9. |
- Englund, Oskar, 1982, et al.
(författare)
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Oil palm for biodiesel in Brazil — risks and opportunities
- 2015
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Ingår i: Environmental Research Letters. - : IOP Publishing. - 1748-9318 .- 1748-9326. ; 10:4, s. 044002-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Although mainly used for other purposes, and historically mainly established at the expense of tropical forests, oil palm can be the most land efficient feedstock for biodiesel. Large parts of Brazil are suitable for oil palm cultivation and a series of policy initiatives have recently been launched to promote oil palm production. These initiatives are however highly debated both in the parliament and in academia. Here we present results of a high resolution modelling study of opportunities and risks associated with oil palm production for biodiesel in Brazil, under different energy, policy, and infrastructure scenarios. Oil palm was found to be profitable on extensive areas, including areas under native vegetation where establishment would cause large land use change (LUC) emissions. However, some 40–60 Mha could support profitable biodiesel production corresponding to approximately 10% of the global diesel demand, without causing direct LUC emissions or impinging on protected areas. Pricing of LUC emissions could make oil palm production unprofitable on most lands where conversion would impact on native ecosystems and carbon stocks, if the carbon price is at the level $125/tC, or higher.
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| 10. |
- Freitas, Flavio L. M., 1986-, et al.
(författare)
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Offsetting legal deficits of native vegetation among Brazilian landholders : Effects on nature protection and socioeconomic development
- 2017
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Ingår i: Land use policy. - : Elsevier. - 0264-8377 .- 1873-5754. ; 68, s. 189-199
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Brazilian native vegetation supports essential ecosystem services and biodiversity for the global society, whileland use competition may intensify around the increasing needs for food, fibre and bioenergy. The Brazilian Forest Actof 2012 amplified a market-based mechanism for offsetting native vegetation deficits in private farmlands. Thismechanism enables a large-scale trading system allowing landholders to offset their own deficits of native vegetationby purchasing certificates associated with a surplus of native vegetation from other landholders. This mechanism is analternative for the more expensive restoration of native vegetation on own land. The launching of the mechanism nowdepends on specific regulations at state level, which may include geographical restrictions for offsetting deficits. Theaim of this study is to evaluate the effects in nature protection and socio-economic development of different offsettingimplementation alternatives. Our findings suggest that in a business-as-usual scenario the offsetting mechanism mayhave little or no additional effects on protection of native vegetation, because most of the offsetting is likely to takeplace where native vegetation is already protected by prevailing legislations. We concluded that it is possible tomaximise environmental and socio-economic returns from the offsetting mechanism without undermining productiveland. This would be possible if regulations ensure additionality in nature protection while enabling a self-sustainingmechanism for income generation for small-scale family farmers in the poorest region of Brazil, protecting biodiversityand counteracting major trade-offs between ecosystem services.
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