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| 3. |
- Spens, Erika, et al.
(författare)
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Conditioned medium factors in protein-free cultures of NSO cells
- 2005
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Ingår i: Animal Cell Technology Meets Genomics. - 1402027915 ; , s. 143-145
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- An NS0 myeloma cell line has successfully been adapted to a protein-free medium without animal-derived components. The antibody yield in this medium is almost three-fold that in a traditional serum-medium. Kinetic studies of specific growth rate and specific product formation show that the antibody production in the serum-medium is strongly coupled to cell division while in the protein-free medium it is not. We propose that the large difference in growth and productivity profiles is due to the difference in supply and origin of growth factors. In the serum-medium proliferation is dependent on and related to factors present in the serum while in the protein-free medium the cells have adapted to an environment without serum-derived factors. Instead, the cells have started to produce their own factors through which they control their proliferation. We are currently trying to identify and characterise such conditioned medium factors and so far we have discovered at least one factor at about 20 kDa with a clear positive effect on cell growth.
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| 4. |
- Spens, Erika, et al.
(författare)
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Defined protein and animal component-free NS0 fed-batch culture
- 2007
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Ingår i: Biotechnology and Bioengineering. - : Wiley. - 0006-3592 .- 1097-0290. ; 98:6, s. 1183-1194
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A chemically defined protein and animal component-free fed-batch process for an NS0 cell line producing a human IgG(1) antibody has been developed. The fed-batch feed profile was optimised in a stepwise manner. Depletion of measurable compounds was determined by direct analysis. The cellular need for nonmeasurable compounds was tested by continued culturing of cell suspension, removed from the bioreactor, in shake-flasks supplemented with critical substances. In the final fed-batch culture, 8.4 x 10(6) viable cells mL(-1) and 625 mg antibody L-1 was obtained as compared to 2.3 X 10(6) cells mL(-1) and 70 mg antibody L-1 in batch. The increase in cell density, in combination with a prolonged declining phase where antibody formation continued, resulted in a 6-fold increase in total cell yield, a 10.5-fold increase 6.2 in viable cell hours and an 11.4-fold increase in product yield. These improvements were obtained by using a feed with glucose, glutamine, amino acids, lipids, sodium selenite, ethanolamine and vitamins. Specifically, supplementation with lipids (cholesterol) had a drastic effect on the maximum viable cell density. Calcium, magnesium and potassium were not depleted and a feed also containing iron, lithium, manganese, phosphorous and zinc did not i significantly enhance the cell yield. The growth and death profiles in the final fed-batch indicated that nutrient deprivation was not the main cause of cell death. The ammonium concentration and the osmolality increased to potentially inhibitory levels, but an imbalance in the supply of growth/survival factors may also contribute to termination of the culture.
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| 5. |
- Spens, Erika, et al.
(författare)
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Defined protein-free NS0 myeloma cell cultures : stimulation of proloferation by conditioned medium factors
- 2005
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Ingår i: Biotechnology progress (Print). - : Wiley. - 8756-7938 .- 1520-6033. ; 21:1, s. 87-95
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A chemically defined, protein-free, and animal-component-free medium, designated RITM01, has been developed for NS0 myeloma cells. The basal medium used was a commercial serum-free and protein-free hybridoma medium, which was supplemented with phosphatidylcholine, cholesterol, β-cyclodextrin, and ferric citrate. Increasing the amino acid concentration significantly improved cell growth. An NS0 cell line, constitutively producing a human IgG1 antibody, reached a peak cell density of 3 × 106 cells mL -1 in this medium. The antibody yield was 195 mg L-1 in batch culture, which is a 3-fold increase compared to that of a standard serum-supplemented medium, even though the cell yield was the same. The increase in antibody yield was a consequence of a longer growth phase and a slight increase in specific antibody production rate at low specific proliferation rates. Adaptation of the NS0 myeloma cell line to the protein-free conditions required about 3 weeks before viability and cell densities were stabilized. Most probably, changes in gene expression and phenotypic behavior necessary for cell survival and proliferation occurred. We hypothesize that mitogenic factors produced by the cells themselves are involved in autocrine control of proliferation. To investigate the presence of such factors, the effect of conditioned (spent) medium (CM) on cell growth and proliferation was studied. Ten-fold concentrated CM, harvested at a cell density of 2 × 10 6 cells mL-1, had a clear positive effect on proliferation even if supplied at only 2.5% (v/v). CM was found to contain significant amounts of extracellular proteins other than the antibody. Fractionation of CM on a gel filtration column and subsequent supplementation of new NS0 cultures with the individual fractions showed that factors eluting at 20-25 kDa decreased the lag phase and increased the peak cell density as compared to control cultures. Identification of autocrine factors involved in regulation of proliferation may lead to completely new strategies for control of growth and product formation in animal cell processes.
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| 6. |
- Spens, Erika, 1975-
(författare)
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Development of a protein-free fed-batch process for NS0 cells: studies on regulation of proliferation
- 2006
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The overall objective of this study was to investigate how NS0 cell proliferation is regulated in protein-free media. The hypothesis was that during the adaptation to growth factor-free media, animal cell lines start to produce their own autocrine growth factors to support proliferation, and after some time in a culture the effects of these factors are lost which results in cessation of proliferation. A chemically defined, protein-free and animal component-free medium was developed for the NS0 cells. This medium was comprised of a basal hybridoma medium to which phosphatidyl¬choline, cholesterol, β-cyclodextrin, ferric citrate and amino acids were added. A fed-batch process was then developed in this medium. The feed profile was optimised in a step-wise manner with a final feed solution containing glucose, glutamine, lipids, amino acids, vitamins, sodium selenite and ethanolamine. Specifically, supplementation with lipids (cholesterol) had a drastic effect on cell growth. Calcium, magnesium and potassium were not depleted during culture and a feed containing also iron, lithium, manganese, phosphorous and zinc did not significantly enhance the cell yield further. More than 8 x 106 viable cells mL-1 and 600 mg antibody L-1 was obtained in the final fed-batch. This corresponded to a 4.3-fold increase in viable cell yield and an 11.4-fold increase in product yield compared to bioreactor batch culture when the dilution of the fed-batch culture was also accounted for. The presence of autocrine growth factors in NS0 cell cultures was initially investigated by studying the effects of conditioned medium (CM). Concentrated CM had a significant positive effect on cell growth and part of this effect could be attributed to factor(s) eluting from a gel-filtration column at 20-25 kDa. In the search for cell-derived factors affecting cell growth the following proteins were identified as released/secreted by the NS0 cells; cyclophilin A, cyclophilin B, cystatin C, D-dopachrome tautomerase, IL-25, isopentenyl-diphosphate delta-isomerise, macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), β2-microglobulin, niemann pick type C2, secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor (SLPI), thioredoxin-1, TNF-α, tumour protein translationally controlled-1 and ubiquitin. Zymogram electrophoresis further identified aspartic acid, papain-like cysteine (including cathepsin L) and serine protease activity in the CM. Pro/cathepsin L, CypB, EGF, IFN-α/β/γ, IGF-I/II, leukaemia inhibitory factor, IL-6, IL-11, IL-25, MIF, oncostatin M, TGF-β and TNF-α were excluded as involved in autocrine regulation of NS0 cell proliferation. The serine protease activity was suggested to affect the cells negatively and since the serine protease inhibitor SLPI is also present in NS0 CM, a balance in serine protease activity may be crucial for optimal cell growth. Further, the receptor gp130, known to be associated with myeloma cell growth, was shown to be essential for NS0 cell proliferation as demonstrated by siRNA gene silencing. The results suggested that autocrine regulation of proliferation in NS0 cell cultures involves the receptor subunit gp130.
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| 7. |
- Spens, Erika, et al.
(författare)
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Proliferation of NSO cells in protein-free medium : The role of cell-derived proteins, known growth factors and cellular receptors
- 2009
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Ingår i: Journal of Biotechnology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0168-1656 .- 1873-4863. ; 141:3-4, s. 123-129
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- NSO cells proliferate without external supply of growth factors in protein-free media. We hypothesize that the cells produce their own factors to Support proliferation. Understanding the mechanisms behind this autocrine regulation of proliferation may Open for the novel approaches to improve animal cell processes. The following proteins were identified in NSO conditioned medium (CM): cyclophilin A, cyclophilin B (CypB), cystatin C, D-dopachrome tautomerase, IL-25, isopentenyl-diphosphate delta-isomerase, macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), beta(2)-microglobulin, Niemann pick type C2, secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor, thioredoxin-1, TNF-alpha, tumour protein translationally controlled 1 and ubiquitin. Further, cDNA microarray analysis indicated that the genes for IL-11, TNF receptor 6,TGF-beta receptor 1 and the IFN-gamma receptor were transcribed. CypB, IFN-alpha/beta/gamma, IL-11. IL-25, MIF, TGF-beta and TNF-beta as well as the known growth factors EGF, IGF-1/11, IL-6, leukaemia inhibitory factor and oncostatin M (OSM) were excluded as involved in autocrine regulation of NSO cell proliferation. The receptors for TGF-beta, IGF and OSM are however present in NSO cell membranes since TGF-beta(1) caused cell death, and IGF-1/11 and OSM improved cell growth. Even though no ligand was found, the receptor subunit gp 130, active in signal transduction of the IL-6 like proteins, was shown to be essential for NSO cells as demonstrated by siRNA gene silencing.
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| 8. |
- Spens, Erika, et al.
(författare)
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Protease activity in protein-free NSO myeloma cell cultures
- 2005
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Ingår i: In vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology-Animal. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1071-2690 .- 1543-706X. ; 41:10, s. 330-336
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Zymography of concentrated conditioned medium (CM) from protein-free NS0 myeloma cell cultures showed that thiscell line produced and released/secreted several proteases. Two caseinolytic activities at 45-50 and 90 kDa were identifiedas aspartic acid proteases, and at least two cathepsins of the papain-like cysteine protease family with molecular massesof 30-35 kDa were found by gelatin zymography. One of these cathepsins was identified as cathepsin L by using anenzyme assay exploiting the substrate Z-Phe-Arg-AMC and the inhibitor Z-Phe-Tyr-t(Bu)-DMK. The aspartic acid andcysteine proteases were active only at acidic pH and are therefore not a potential risk for degrading the product oraffecting cell growth during culture. Secreted proforms of cathepsins may, however, possess mitogenic functions, butaddition of anti-procathepsin L antibodies to NS0 cultures did not influence proliferation. The recombinant antibodyproduct was not degraded in cell-free CM incubated at pH 7, but when the pH was decreased to 3.5-4, the aspartic acidproteases degraded the product. Gelatin zymography also revealed the presence of several serine proteases in NS0 CM,one at 85 kDa and two at 50 kDa, with pH optima close to culture pH. Addition of the serine protease inhibitor aprotininsignificantly increased the specific proliferation rate as compared to the control. In addition to these data, N-terminalamino acid sequencing identified two proteins in NS0 CM as the protease inhibitors secretory leukocyte protease inhibitorand cystatin C.
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| 9. |
- Tucker, Stina, et al.
(författare)
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The Murine Version of BAN2401 (mAb158) Selectively Reduces Amyloid-beta Protofibrils in Brain and Cerebrospinal Fluid of tg-ArcSwe Mice
- 2015
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Ingår i: Journal of Alzheimer's Disease. - 1387-2877 .- 1875-8908. ; 43:2, s. 575-588
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Amyloid-beta (A beta) immunotherapy for Alzheimer's disease (AD) has good preclinical support from transgenic mouse models and clinical data suggesting that a long-term treatment effect is possible. Soluble A beta protofibrils have been shown to exhibit neurotoxicity in vitro and in vivo, and constitute an attractive target for immunotherapy. Here, we demonstrate that the humanized antibody BAN2401 and its murine version mAb158 exhibit a strong binding preference for A beta protofibrils over A beta monomers. Further, we confirm the presence of the target by showing that both antibodies efficiently immunoprecipitate soluble A beta aggregates in human AD brain extracts. mAb158 reached the brain and reduced the brain protofibril levels by 42% in an exposure-dependent manner both after long-term and short-term treatment in tg-ArcSwe mice. Notably, a 53% reduction of protofibrils/oligomers in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) that correlated with reduced brain protofibril levels was observed after long-term treatment, suggesting that CSF protofibrils/oligomers could be used as a potential biomarker. No change in native monomeric A beta(42) could be observed in brain TBS extracts after mAb158-treatment in tg-ArcSwe mice. By confirming the specific ability of mAb158 to selectively bind and reduce soluble A beta protofibrils, with minimal binding to A beta monomers, we provide further support in favor of its position as an attractive new candidate for AD immunotherapy. BAN2401 has undergone full phase 1 development, and available data indicate a favorable safety profile in AD patients.
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| 10. |
- Åberg, Jonas, et al.
(författare)
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Calcium sulphate spinal cord scaffold : a study on degradation and fibroblast growth factor 1 loading and release
- 2012
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Ingår i: Journal of biomaterials applications. - : SAGE Publications. - 0885-3282 .- 1530-8022. ; 26:6, s. 667-685
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Currently, there is no regenerative strategy for the spinal cord that is part of clinical standard of core. Current paths usually include combinations of scaffold materials and active molecules. In a recent study, a permanent dental resin scaffold for treatment of spinal cord injury was designed. The results from studies on rats were promising. However, for potential clinical use, a biodegradable scaffold material that facilitates drug delivery and the regeneration of the spinal cord needs to be developed. Also a biodegradable material is expected to allow a better evaluation of the efficacy of the surgical method. In this article, the suitability of hardened calcium sulfate cement (CSC) for use as degradable spinal cord scaffolds is investigated in bench studies and in vitro studies. Compressive strength, degradation and microstructure, and the loading capability of heparin-activated fibroblast growth factor 1 (FGF1) via soaking were evaluated. The CSC could easily be injected into the scaffold mold and the obtained scaffolds had sufficient strength to endure the loads applied during surgery. When hardened, the CSC formed a porous microstructure suitable for loading of active substances. It was shown that 10 min of FGF1 soaking was enough to obtain a sustained active FGF1 release for 20–35 days. The results showed that CSC is a promising material for spinal cord scaffold fabrication, since it is biodegradable, has sufficient strength, and allows loading and controlled release of active FGF1.
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