| 1. |
- Ament-Velásquez, Sandra Lorena, Ph.D. 1988-, et al.
(författare)
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The plot thickens : haploid and triploid-like thalli, hybridization, and biased mating type ratios in Letharia
- 2021
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Ingår i: Frontiers in Fungal Biology. - : Frontiers Media S.A.. - 2673-6128. ; 2
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The study of the reproductive biology of lichen fungal symbionts has been traditionally challenging due to their complex lifestyles. Against the common belief of haploidy, a recent genomic study found a triploid-like signal in Letharia. Here, we infer the genome organization and reproduction in Letharia by analyzing genomic data from a pure culture and from thalli, and performing a PCR survey of the MAT locus in natural populations. We found that the read count variation in the four Letharia specimens, including the pure culture derived from a single sexual spore of L. lupina, is consistent with haploidy. By contrast, the L. lupina read counts from a thallus’ metagenome are triploid-like. Characterization of the mating-type locus revealed a conserved heterothallic configuration across the genus, along with auxiliary genes that we identified. We found that the mating-type distributions are balanced in North America for L. vulpina and L. lupina, suggesting widespread sexual reproduction, but highly skewed in Europe for L. vulpina, consistent with predominant asexuality. Taken together, we propose that Letharia fungi are heterothallic and typically haploid, and provide evidence that triploid-like individuals are hybrids between L. lupina and an unknown Letharia lineage, reconciling classic systematic and genetic studies with recent genomic observations.
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| 2. |
- Crespo, Ana, et al.
(författare)
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Phylogenetic generic classification of parmelioid lichens (Parmeliaceae,Ascomycota) based on molecular, morphological and chemical evidence.
- 2010
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Ingår i: Taxon. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 0040-0262 .- 1996-8175. ; 59:6, s. 1735-1753
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Parmelioid lichens are a diverse and ubiquitous group of foliose lichens. Generic delimitation in parmelioid lichens has been in a state of flux since the late 1960s with the segregation of the large, heterogeneous genus Parmelia into numerous smaller genera. Recent molecular phylogenetic studies have demonstrated that some of these new genera were monophyletic, some were not, and others, previously believed to be unrelated, fell within single monophyletic groups, indicating the need for a revision of the generic delimitations. This study aims to give an overview of current knowledge of the major clades of all parmelioid lichens. For this, we assembled a dataset of 762 specimens, including 31 of 33 currently accepted parmelioid genera (and 63 of 84 accepted genera of Parmeliaceae). We performed maximum likelihood and Bayesian analyses of combined datasets including two, three and four loci. Based on these phylogenies and the correlation of morphological and chemical characters that characterize monophyletic groups, we accept 27 genera within nine main clades. We re-circumscribe several genera and reduce Parmelaria to synonymy with Parmotrema. Emodomelanelia Divakar & A. Crespo is described as a new genus (type: E. masonii). Nipponoparmelia (Kurok.) K.H. Moon, Y. Ohmura & Kashiw. ex A. Crespo & al. is elevated to generic rank and 15 new combinations are proposed (in the genera Flavoparmelia, Parmotrema, Myelochroa, Melanelixia and Nipponoparmelia). A short discussion of the accepted genera is provided and remaining challenges and areas requiring additional taxon sampling are identified.
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| 3. |
- Dillman, Karen L., et al.
(författare)
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New records, range extensions and nomenclatural innovations for lichens and lichenicolous fungi from Alaska, USA
- 2012
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Ingår i: Herzogia. - : Herzogia. - 0018-0971. ; 25:2, s. 177-210
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- New records, range extensions and nomenclatural innovations for lichens and lichenicolous fungi from Alaska, U.S.A. - Herzogia 25: 177-210. Surveys of lichens and lichenicolous fungi have been taking place in the U.S. state of Alaska for more than 160 years, but until now assessing the full extent of their diversity has been hampered by the lack of a comprehensive and synonymized baseline inventory. In this paper we will begin to redress this by resolving outstanding nomenclatural issues and providing voucher data for a forthcoming catalog of Alaskan lichens, specifically: 1) synonymization,and/or resolution of status of species previously reported from Alaska, with emphasis on Alaskan types; 2) species new to the Alaska lichen biota; and 3) biogeographically significant new records from within Alaska. We report 91 species new to the flora of Alaska, including 65 lichens, three saprophytic calicioid fungi and 23 lichenicolous fungi. Of these, we report thirteen species, Biatora sphaeroidiza, Biatorella conspurcans, Chaenothecopsis arthoniae, Collemopsidium foveolatum, Dactylospora frigida, Halospora discrepans, Lecanora bryopsora, Opegrapha geographicola, Peltigera lyngei, Petractis clausa, Protoblastenia cyclospora, Thelocarpon impressellum and Usnea cylindrica as new to North America. In addition, Arthonia pruinata and Flavocetraria minuscula are new to Canada and Adelococcus alpestris new to the United States. We further place the following five names into synonymy: Lecania disceptans (Nyl.) Lynge [= Halecania alpivaga (Th.Fr.) M.Mayrhofer], Lecidea pallidella Nyl. [= Lecania subfuscula (Nyl.) S.Ekman], Lempholemma triptodes (Nyl.) Zahlbr. Leciophysma finmarkicum Th.Fr.), Polyblastia obtenta (Nyl.) Lynge [= Sporodictyon terrestre (Th.Fr.) S.Savic & Tibell], and Verrucaria pernigrata Nyl. [= Protothelenella sphinctrinoides (Nyl.) H.Mayrhofer & Poelt]. We propose restoring the long overlooked taxon Polyblastia exalbida (Nyl.) Zahlbr., currently known only from Alaska, to the North American lichen checklist. Finally, we propose the new combination Puttea caesia (Fr.) M.Svensson & T.Sprib. to replace Lecidea symmictella Nyl., which becomes a synonym.
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| 4. |
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| 5. |
- Palice, Zdenek, et al.
(författare)
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Taxonomy of the genus Myrionora, with a second species from South America
- 2013
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Ingår i: The Lichenologist. - 0024-2829 .- 1096-1135. ; 45:2, s. 159-167
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A taxonomic and biogeographic overview of the genus Myrionora is provided. Two species are recognized, M. albidula (Willey) R. C. Harris and M. pseudocyphellariae (Etayo) S. Ekman & Palice comb. nov. The genus is characterized by polysporous asci, the presence of crystals in the hymenium and proper exciple that partly consist of lobaric acid, and a photobiont with large cells (mostly in the range 12-20 mu m). Myrionora albidula is currently known from Germany, Norway, Sweden, the Russian Federation (Altayskiy Kray, Chelyabinskaya Oblast', Khabarovskiy Kray and Zabaykal'skiy Kray), and the United States (Alaska, Connecticut, Maine and Massachusetts). It inhabits bark of deciduous trees and shrubs and conifers over a wide range of latitudes. Myrionora pseudocyphellariae is known from Chile and Ecuador, where it has been encountered on lichens and decaying bark. Based on morphological characteristics, we conclude that Myrionora belongs in the Ramalinaceae.
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| 6. |
- Resl, Philipp, et al.
(författare)
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Diagnostics for a troubled backbone: testing topologicalhypotheses of trapelioid lichenized fungi in a large-scalephylogeny of Ostropomycetidae (Lecanoromycetes)
- 2015
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Ingår i: Fungal diversity. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1560-2745 .- 1878-9129. ; 73, s. 239-275
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Trapelioid fungi constitute a widespread groupof mostly crust-forming lichen mycobionts that are key tounderstanding the early evolutionary splits in theOstropomycetidae, the second-most species-rich subclassof lichenized Ascomycota. The uncertain phylogeneticresolution of the approximately 170 species referred tothis group contributes to a poorly resolved backbone forthe entire subclass. Based on a data set including 657newly generated sequences from four ribosomal and fourprotein-coding gene loci, we tested a series of a priori andnew evolutionary hypotheses regarding the relationshipsof trapelioid clades within Ostropomycetidae. We foundstrong support for a monophyletic group of nine coretrapelioid genera but no statistical support to reject thelong-standing hypothesis that trapelioid genera are sisterto Baeomycetaceae or Hymeneliaceae. However, we canreject a sister group relationship to Ostropales with highconfidence. Our data also shed light on several longstandingquestions, recovering Anamylopsoraceae nestedwithin Baeomycetaceae, elucidating two major monophyleticgroups within trapelioids (recognized here asTrapeliaceae and Xylographaceae), and rejecting themonophyly of the genus Rimularia. We transfer elevenspecies of the latter genus to Lambiella and describe thegenus Parainoa to accommodate a previously misunderstoodspecies of Trapeliopsis. Past phylogenetic studies inOstropomycetidae have invoked Bdivergence order^ fordrawing taxonomic conclusions on higher level taxa.Our data show that if backbone support is lacking, contrastingsolutions may be recovered with different oradded data. We accordingly urge caution in concludingevolutionary relationships from unresolved phylogenies.
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
- Spribille, Toby, et al.
(författare)
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3D biofilms : in search of the polysaccharides holding together lichen symbioses
- 2020
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Ingår i: FEMS Microbiology Letters. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0378-1097 .- 1574-6968. ; 367:5
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Stable, long-term interactions between fungi and algae or cyanobacteria, collectively known as lichens, have repeatedly evolved complex architectures with little resemblance to their component parts. Lacking any central scaffold, the shapes they assume are casts of secreted polymers that cement cells into place, determine the angle of phototropic exposure and regulate water relations. A growing body of evidence suggests that many lichen extracellular polymer matrices harbor unicellular, non-photosynthesizing organisms (UNPOs) not traditionally recognized as lichen symbionts. Understanding organismal input and uptake in this layer is key to interpreting the role UNPOs play in lichen biology. Here, we review both polysaccharide composition determined from whole, pulverized lichens and UNPOs reported from lichens to date. Most reported polysaccharides are thought to be structural cell wall components. The composition of the extracellular matrix is not definitively known. Several lines of evidence suggest some acidic polysaccharides have evaded detection in routine analysis of neutral sugars and may be involved in the extracellular matrix. UNPOs reported from lichens include diverse bacteria and yeasts for which secreted polysaccharides play important biological roles. We conclude by proposing testable hypotheses on the role that symbiont give-and-take in this layer could play in determining or modifying lichen symbiotic outcomes.
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| 9. |
- Spribille, Toby, et al.
(författare)
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Basidiomycete yeasts in the cortex of ascomycete macrolichens
- 2016
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Ingår i: Science. - : American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). - 0036-8075 .- 1095-9203. ; 353:6298, s. 488-492
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- For over 140 years, lichens have been regarded as a symbiosis between a single fungus, usually an ascomycete, and a photosynthesizing partner. Other fungi have long been known to occur as occasional parasites or endophytes, but the one lichen-one fungus paradigm has seldom been questioned. Here we show that many common lichens are composed of the known ascomycete, the photosynthesizing partner, and, unexpectedly, specific basidiomycete yeasts. These yeasts are embedded in the cortex, and their abundance correlates with previously unexplained variations in phenotype. Basidiomycete lineages maintain close associations with specific lichen species over large geographical distances and have been found on six continents. The structurally important lichen cortex, long treated as a zone of differentiated ascomycete cells, appears to consistently contain two unrelated fungi.
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| 10. |
- Spribille, Toby, et al.
(författare)
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Contributions to an epiphytic lichen flora of northwest North America: I. Eight new species from British Columbia inland rain forests
- 2009
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Ingår i: The Bryologist. - 0007-2745 .- 1938-4378. ; 112:1, s. 109-137
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Recent surveys of the inland rain forests of British Columbia and adjacentregions have brought to light an unexpectedly rich epiphytic lichen flora, including severalspecies apparently new to science. In the first of a series of papers, we describe eight speciesdiscovered during these surveys as new: Absconditella amabilis T. Sprib. (Ostropales),Bacidina contecta S. Ekman & T. Sprib., Biatora aureolepra T. Sprib. & Tønsberg, Biatoraligni-mollis T. Sprib. & Printzen (all Lecanorales), Collema coniophilum Goward(Peltigerales), Pertusaria diluta C. Bjo¨rk, G. Thor & T. Wheeler (Pertusariales), Schaereriabrunnea C. Bjo¨rk, T. Sprib. & T. Wheeler (Ostropomycetidae incertae sedis) andScoliciosporum abietinum T. Sprib. (Lecanorales). We also call attention to a ninth species,Bacidina sp. A, a poorly known and possibly undescribed colonizer of moribundcyanolichens. A majority of the above species appear to be confined to old-growth forests,while two (Biatora ligni-mollis and Schaereria brunnea) are currently known only from‘‘antique’’ forests older than about 500 years. Many additional undescribed epiphyticlichens are known from inland rain forests, underscoring the need for further baselinebiodiversity research in light of its ongoing disappearance as a result of resource extraction.In addition to the eight new species, we report Absconditella celata as new to NorthAmerica, Absconditella lignicola as new to Canada and Montana, Bacidina chloroticula asnew to British Columbia and Gyalideopsis piceicola as new to Montana.
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