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- Raza, Tahira, 1972-, et al.
(författare)
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Processing of high-performancematerials by laser beam-powderbed fusion
- 2023. - 1.
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Ingår i: Additive Manufacturing of High-Performance Metallic Materials. - : Elsevier. - 9780323918855 - 9780323913829 ; , s. 182-229
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Processing of high-performance materials by laser beam powder bed fusion (LB-PBF) provides an alternative manufacturing route to, i.e., investment casting and is suitable for production of high-performance materials having complex geometry such as turbine blades. The main benefit of powder bed fusion in general is associated with the fact that increased geometrical complexity does not add any cost. However, the processability of the alloys of interest is closely linked to process parameters where highperformance materials belong to a special class of materials that need substantial attention to avoid problems, not at least with regard to different types of cracking. In this chapter, the relationship between process parameter-microstructure-defect relationship will be discussed and analyzed.
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| 2. |
- Squillaci, Linda, et al.
(författare)
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Extending powder particle size distribution of laser powder bed fusion Ti-6Al-4V : investigation of single tracks and multilayer experiments
- 2023
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This paper explores the effects of varying process parameters (i.e., laser power, laser scanning speed, hatch distance) on the characteristics of single tracks, triple tracks and cubes, in order to provide answers to Research Question 1. A full factorial DoE approach was adopted to produce the experiments. Data was extracted from different sources to find correlations between tracks and multilayer geometries. A digital microscope was used to obtain height profiles, whilst polished/etched cross sections cut parallel to the build direction were imaged using a LOM to obtain measurements of track height, width, melt pool depth, subsurface porosity and residual defect content in cubes. Track height was found to exceed the recoated value of 70μm for both single and triple tracks. The width of single tracks showed a clear upward trend when displayed against VED, showing a lateral expansion as energy input increased. It was also revealed that single tracks expand laterally as they grow above the substrate, indicating swelling. The melt pool depth showed a steady upward trend when plotted against LED, though less systematic than track width. A martensitic microstructure was detected, with hierarchical α’ needles growing at prescribed crystallographic directions within vertical prior-β grains. A large portion of spatter particles and unmelted powder granules were detected on the substrate and tracks, with many accumulating on the side of the tracks forming a denudation zone.
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| 3. |
- Squillaci, Linda
(författare)
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Investigating the effect of extending powder particle size distribution of Ti-6Al-4V produced by powder bed fusion laser beam process : Influence of process parameters on material integrity
- 2023
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Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This thesis focuses on the topic of PBF-LB applied to titanium alloys. Of allalloys, an α + β is chosen, named Ti-6Al-4V. The selection of this particular alloy is driven by its current widespread use in many industrial applications where high strength coupled with low density are both desirable properties. For the last 50 years, parts made with this alloy have been cast or forged and then machined to achieve the final geometry. There is now an opportunity totransform this process chain by additive manufacturing, hence reducing material waste and achieving near net shape from powder feedstock.The process is summarised as follows: a laser selectively melts areas on a build plate where powder is pre-placed. Then a successive powder layer is spread and the process is repeated until completion. Upon removal of the part from the build plate, loose powder in the chamber is collected and recycled whenever possible. The design freedom provided by powder bed fusion methods enables production of intricate geometries and added functionality, despite the need for post-build consolidation and/or microstructural adjustments.Today’s fine and narrow powder cuts (e.g., 15-50μm) are designed to be coupled with low layer thicknesses (i.e., 30μm) to achieve smooth surfaces and high resolutions of small features e.g., internal cooling channels. However, costs associated with production of fine and narrow powder cuts are substantial as refinement of batches requires multiple sieving steps. In addition, resulting building times are considerably long (i.e., days), therefore a beneficial alternative could be that of exploring higher layer thicknesses together with wider and coarser powder cuts.The main idea of this work is to investigate the effects of employing a powder with a wider size distribution 15-90μm. The aim is to reduce the sievingrequired and consequently decrease the costs of developing and building parts made by PBF-LB.An extensive microstructural investigation is conducted on single tracks and cubes built with 27 different process parameter combinations, which also attempts to establish correlations between characteristics of tracks and responses measured in cubes. As a second step, the amount of residual porosity of asbuilt cubes is chosen as the discriminant for further mechanical testing of sub and super-β transus high-pressure heat treated material.
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