| 1. |
- Andersson, Tova, et al.
(författare)
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Matavfall i Sverige : Uppkomst och behandling 2018
- 2020
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Matavfall i Sverige är en sammanställning över det matavfall som uppkom i Sverige 2018. Rapporten beskriver matavfallet som uppkommer i olika sektorer och diskuterar fördelningen mellan onödigt och oundvikligt matavfall samt möjligheten att nå de mål som satts upp.Matavfall i Sverige 2018 ges ut av Naturvårdsverket. Den bygger på statistik för år 2018, framtagen för uppföljning av etappmålet för ökad resurshushållning i livsmedelskedjan.
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| 2. |
- Andersson, Tova, et al.
(författare)
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Uppföljning av etappmålet för ökad resurshushållning i livsmedelskedjan : Data för år 2018
- 2019
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- I det här projektet har SMED utfört en uppföljning av etappmålet för en ökad resurshushållning i livsmedelskedjan som lyder: ”Insatser ska vidtas så att senast år 2020 sorteras minst 50 procent av matavfallet från hushåll, storkök, butiker och restauranger ut och behandlas biologiskt så att växtnäring tas tillvara, och minst 40 procent av matavfallet behandlas så att även energi tas tillvara”.I praktiken innebär målformuleringen att av det uppkomna matavfallet från ovan nämnda avfallskällor ska minst 50 procent rötas eller komposteras där minst 40 procent av de uppkomna matavfallsmängderna måste rötas så att växtnäringen i matavfallet tas tillvara.Uppföljningen visar att omkring 38 procent av det uppkomna matavfallet från konsumtionsledet rötas och komposteras år 2018 så att växtnäringsämnen tas tillvara. Detta kan jämföras med målet på 50 procent. Motsvarande andel som rötas och där återföring av näringsämnen sker uppgår till 33 procent år 2018, att jämföra med målet på 40 procent. Sverige är idag en bra bit från att klara återvinningsmålet som inte bedöms uppnås till år 2020.De faktorer som har störst potential att öka återvinningsgraden utifrån genomförd studie är:Öka mängden insamlat matavfall till biologisk behandling. Idag är den andelen ungefär 49 procent av de uppkomna matavfallsmängderna. I de hushåll som idag har möjlighet att sortera ut sitt matavfall finns det en stor potential att öka utsorteringen eftersom andelen matavfall i restavfallet i dessa hushåll är cirka 26 procent. Detta jämfört med omkring 35 procent i hushåll som inte har någon matavfallsinsamling. Regeringsbeslutet att ålägga kommunerna att tillhandahålla system för insamling av matavfall från hushåll senast 2021 (Regeringskansliet, 2019) är ett kraftfullt styrmedel som kommer att öka insamlingen av matavfall då det år 2018 var 82 % av kommunerna som erbjöd insamling av matavfall till hushållen (Avfall Sverige, 2019a) Minska rejektmängderna som uppstår vid förbehandlingen vid samrötningsanläggningar. Denna andel är idag cirka 24 procent av insamlade mängder matavfall. Det är viktigt att få en biogödsel med en så bra kvalitet och med så lite oönskade material som möjligt för att kunna återföra näringsämnen. Eftersom det idag inte finns någon teknik för att enbart ta bort oönskade material är det oundvikligt att matavfall hamnar i rejektet. Tidigare år har en ökad återföring av rötslam från kommunala avloppsreningsverk angetts som ett sätt att nå målet om återföring av näring. Idag är det omkring 72 procent av uppkomna mängder rötslam som avsätts på ett sådant sätt att det kan klassas som återföring av näringsämnen. Det finns dock en utredning som ska föreslå förbud mot spridning av avloppsslam på åkrar och krav på återvinning av fosfor (Regeringskansliet, 2019b). Resultatet av denna utredning och framtida krav på återföring av näringsämnen som ställs kommer medföra en stor påverkan på etappmålsuppföljningen, och troligen även på beräkningsmetod om det enbart är fosfor som kommer att återföras.
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| 3. |
- Hultén, Johan, et al.
(författare)
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New food waste data for reference year 2022 from manufacturing sector and from retail and distribution sector in Sweden : Deliverable “D1.1 Project report” of the project SWEFOODWASTE
- 2023
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The purpose of this project was to improve the capacity and quality of food waste reporting in Sweden, specifically for two sectors: Processing and Manufacturing, and Retail and other distribution of food.During the first reporting year (reference year 2020) of the collection of food waste data, several challenges were found within these two sectors. In the Processing and Manufacturing sector, there was a need for improvement due to uncertainties according to the EU food waste definition in terms of what residues ought to be classified as food waste, food loss, by-product or other waste. There were also uncertainties how water content should be reported according to the EU food waste reporting obligation. For the Retail and other distribution of food sector, data from only few actors were available for wholesalers, convenience stores, and e-stores which affected data quality.Processing and ManufacturingTo improve reporting and data quality from the food processing and manufacturing sector, a survey was produced asking about food waste and other residues that may constitute food losses. This was to get self-reported data from a large random sample of respondents and to better understand food loss and waste flows in this sector.The survey of Processing and Manufacturing revealed a large volume of previously unknown food waste. 305 000 tonnes of food waste were reported for reference year 2022 compared to 53 000 tonnes for 2020. This is attributed to a better representation of the reality rather than an actual increase in food waste generation.Amounts of food losses seem to be even larger. However, these amounts are also very uncertain due to few respondents from most sectors. Apart from food waste, the dairy and ice cream sector accounted for 180 500 tonnes of food loss, which mainly is whey that goes to feed. Food loss from other sectors cannot be published due to high uncertainties and risk or revealing respondents.The new results on food waste generation, corresponding to 29 kg food waste per capita 2022, align better with international figures. In a European context, the Swedish food waste generation in the industry was low, with 5 kg per capita in 2020 compared to the EU27 average of 27 kg per capita.The new method of self-reporting by respondents improves the accuracy of results, as they know their own operations best. However, there was a challenge in aligning the new EU common definition of food waste with the common understanding of food waste in the Swedish food sector.The different types of food waste to include in the food waste definition were broadened to better align with the intent of EU legislation. The EU definition was for this study interpreted to include most parts of animals and plants that have entered processing as food and become waste. This is a change from former interpretation and the main reason for accounting larger amounts of food waste than previous years. The survey was also designed to enable the distribution of the resulting quantities between different subsectors of manufacturing and processing, as they are grouped by “NACE-codes” in the Business register. Retail and other distribution of foodMost national and regional wholesalers, convenience store chains and e-stores were contacted but unfortunately only a few were able or willing to provide data. This study revealed 13 800 tonnes of food waste from these businesses 2022. This is less compared to 18 200 tonnes in 2021. Note that both these numbers exclude retail and that no scaling occurred for wholesale or e-stores. Although several smaller companies started sharing data, a few large wholesalers did not submit data for 2022 as in 2021 which is the reason for the decrease of reported amounts.Data collection in the wholesale sector yielded limited insights due to only a few companies providing data, and mostly aggregated data. This seems to be due to low technical maturity of their internal data collection and sharing. However, these companies collectively constitute a substantial portion of the wholesale sector in Sweden. It is challenging to precisely quantify their contribution, since many food industry and retail entities also engage in wholesale activities without being formally registered as wholesalers.Convenience stores provided data that could be upscaled to the national level together with data from retail, showing that these do not add up much food waste compared to retail stores. For specialized e-stores selling food, their contribution to food waste is estimated to be minimal, as their operational models and product types result in low waste generation compared to other retail sectors. A large portion of e-stores selling food are part of the retail sector and already included in reported food waste amounts from retail.
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| 4. |
- Phillimore, Albert B., et al.
(författare)
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Dissecting the contributions of plasticity and local adaptation to the phenology of a butterfly and its host plants
- 2012
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Ingår i: American Naturalist. - : University of Chicago Press. - 0003-0147 .- 1537-5323. ; 180:5, s. 655-670
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Phenology affects the abiotic and biotic conditions that an organism encounters and, consequently, its fitness. For populations of high-latitude species, spring phenology often occurs earlier in warmer years and regions. Here we apply a novel approach, a comparison of slope of phenology on temperature over space versus over time, to identify the relative roles of plasticity and local adaptation in generating spatial phenological variation in three interacting species, a butterfly, Anthocharis cardamines, and its two host plants, Cardamine pratensis and Alliaria petiolata. All three species overlap in the time window over which mean temperatures best predict variation in phenology, and we find little evidence that a day length requirement causes the sensitive time window to be delayed as latitude increases. The focal species all show pronounced temperature-mediated phenological plasticity of similar magnitude. While we find no evidence for local adaptation in the flowering times of the plants, geographic variation in the phenology of the butterfly is consistent with countergradient local adaptation. The butterfly's phenology appears to be better predicted by temperature than it is by the flowering times of either host plant, and we find no evidence that coevolution has generated geographic variation in adaptive phenological plasticity.
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| 5. |
- Stålhandske, Sandra, et al.
(författare)
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Effect of winter cold duration on spring phenology of the orange tip butterfly, Anthocharis cardamines
- 2015
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Ingår i: Ecology and Evolution. - : Wiley. - 2045-7758. ; 5:23, s. 5509-5520
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The effect of spring temperature on spring phenology is well understood in a wide range of taxa. However, studies on how winter conditions may affect spring phenology are underrepresented. Previous work on Anthocharis cardamines (orange tip butterfly) has shown population-specific reaction norms of spring development in relation to spring temperature and a speeding up of post-winter development with longer winter durations. In this experiment, we examined the effects of a greater and ecologically relevant range of winter durations on post-winter pupal development of A. cardamines of two populations from the United Kingdom and two from Sweden. By analyzing pupal weight loss and metabolic rate, we were able to separate the overall post-winter pupal development into diapause duration and post-diapause development. We found differences in the duration of cold needed to break diapause among populations, with the southern UK population requiring a shorter duration than the other populations. We also found that the overall post-winter pupal development time, following removal from winter cold, was negatively related to cold duration, through a combined effect of cold duration on diapause duration and on post-diapause development time. Longer cold durations also lead to higher population synchrony in hatching. For current winter durations in the field, the A. cardamines population of southern UK could have a reduced development rate and lower synchrony in emergence because of short winters. With future climate change, this might become an issue also for other populations. Differences in winter conditions in the field among these four populations are large enough to have driven local adaptation of characteristics controlling spring phenology in response to winter duration. The observed phenology of these populations depends on a combination of winter and spring temperatures; thus, both must be taken into account for accurate predictions of phenology.
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| 6. |
- Stålhandske, Sandra, 1986-, et al.
(författare)
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Phenological matching rather than genetic variation in host preference underlies geographical variation in host plants used by the orange tip butterflies
- 2016
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Ingår i: Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0024-4066 .- 1095-8312. ; 119:4, s. 1060-1067
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- An insect species that shows variation in host species association across its geographical range may do so either because of local adaptation in host plant preference of the insect, or through environmentally or genetically induced differences in the plants, causing variation in host plant suitability between regions. Here we experimentally investigate host plant preference of Anthocharis cardamines (orange tip butterfly) of two populations from UK and two from Sweden. Previous reports indicate that A. cardamines larvae are found on different host plant species in different regions of the United Kingdom, and some variation has been reported in Sweden. Host plant choice trials showed that females prefer to oviposit on plants in an earlier phenological stage, as well as on larger plants. When controlling for plant phenological stage and size, the host species had no statistically significant effect on the choice of the females. Moreover, there were no differences in host plant species preference among the four butterfly populations. Based on our experiment, the oviposition choice by A. cardamines mainly depends on the phenological stage and the size of the host plant. This finding supports the idea that the geographical patterns of host-plant association of A. cardamines in the UK and Sweden are consequences of the phenology and availability of local hosts, rather than regional genetic differences in host species preference of the butterfly.
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| 7. |
- Stålhandske, Sandra, 1986-
(författare)
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Spring Phenology of Butterflies : The role of seasonal variation in life-cycle regulation
- 2016
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Animals and plants in temperate regions must adapt their life cycle to pronounced seasonal variation. The research effort that has gone into studying these cyclical life history events, or phenological traits, has increased greatly in recent decades. As phenological traits are often correlated to temperature, they are relevant to study in terms of understanding the effect of short term environmental variation as well as long term climate change. Because of this, changes in phenology are the most obvious and among the most commonly reported responses to climate change. Moreover, phenological traits are important for fitness as they determine the biotic and abiotic environment an individual encounters. Fine-tuning of phenology allows for synchronisation at a local scale to mates, food resources and appropriate weather conditions. On a between-population scale, variation in phenology may reflect regional variation in climate. Such differences can not only give insights to life cycle adaptation, but also to how populations may respond to environmental change through time. This applies both on an ecological scale through phenotypic plasticity as well as an evolutionary scale through genetic adaptation. In this thesis I have used statistical and experimental methods to investigate both the larger geographical patterns as well as mechanisms of fine-tuning of phenology of several butterfly species. The main focus, however, is on the orange tip butterfly, Anthocharis cardamines, in Sweden and the United Kingdom. I show a contrasting effect of spring temperature and winter condition on spring phenology for three out of the five studied butterfly species. For A. cardamines there are population differences in traits responding to these environmental factors between and within Sweden and the UK that suggest adaptation to local environmental conditions. All populations show a strong negative plastic relationship between spring temperature and spring phenology, while the opposite is true for winter cold duration. Spring phenology is shifted earlier with increasing cold duration. The environmental variables show correlations, for example, during a warm year a short winter delays phenology while a warm spring speeds phenology up. Correlations between the environmental variables also occur through space, as the locations that have long winters also have cold springs. The combined effects of these two environmental variables cause a complex geographical pattern of phenology across the UK and Sweden. When predicting phenology with future climate change or interpreting larger geographical patterns one must therefore have a good enough understanding of how the phenology is controlled and take the relevant environmental factors in to account. In terms of the effect of phenological change, it should be discussed with regards to change in life cycle timing among interacting species. For example, the phenology of the host plants is important for A. cardamines fitness, and it is also the main determining factor for oviposition. In summary, this thesis shows that the broad geographical pattern of phenology of the butterflies is formed by counteracting environmental variables, but that there also are significant population differences that enable fine-tuning of phenology according to the seasonal progression and variation at the local scale.
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| 8. |
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| 9. |
- Stålhandske, Sandra, et al.
(författare)
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Variation in two phases of post-winter development of a butterfly
- 2014
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Ingår i: Journal of Evolutionary Biology. - : Wiley. - 1010-061X .- 1420-9101. ; 27:12, s. 2644-2653
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The temporal aspects of life cycle characteristics, such as diapause development, are under strong selection in seasonal environments. Fine-tuning of the life cycle may be particularly important to match the phenology of potential mates and resources as well as for optimizing abiotic conditions at eclosion. Here, we experimentally study the spring phenology of the orange tip butterfly, Anthocharis cardamines, by analysing post-winter pupal development in three populations along a latitudinal cline in each of Sweden and the United Kingdom. These countries differ substantially in their seasonal temperature profile. By repeatedly recording pupal weights, we established that post-winter development has two separate phases, with a more rapid weight loss in the second phase than in the first, likely corresponding to a ramping up of the rate of development. Variation in the duration of the first phase contributed more strongly than the second phase to the differences in phenology between the localities and sexes. We found that insects from Sweden had a faster overall rate of development than those from the United Kingdom, which is consistent with countergradient variation, as Sweden is colder during the spring than the United Kingdom. Similar trends were not observed at the within-country scale, however. A cogradient pattern was found within Sweden, with populations from the north developing more slowly, and there was no clear latitudinal trend within the United Kingdom. In all localities, males developed faster than females. Our results point to the importance of variation in the progression of post-winter development for spring phenology.
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| 10. |
- Stålhandske, Sandra, 1986-, et al.
(författare)
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Winter chilling speeds spring development of temperate butterflies
- 2017
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Ingår i: Journal of Animal Ecology. - : Wiley. - 0021-8790 .- 1365-2656. ; 86:4, s. 718-729
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- 1. Understanding and predicting phenology has become more important with ongoing cli- mate change and has brought about great research efforts in the recent decades. The majority of studies examining spring phenology of insects have focussed on the effects of spring temperatures alone.2. Here we use citizen-collected observation data to show that winter cold duration, in addi- tion to spring temperature, can affect the spring emergence of butterflies. Using spatial mixed models, we disentangle the effects of climate variables and reveal impacts of both spring and winter conditions for five butterfly species that overwinter as pupae across the UK, with data from 1976 to 2013 and one butterfly species in Sweden, with data from 2001 to 2013.3. Warmer springs lead to earlier emergence in all species and milder winters lead to statisti- cally significant delays in three of the five investigated species. We also find that the delaying effect of winter warmth has become more pronounced in the last decade, during which time winter durations have become shorter.4. For one of the studied species, Anthocharis cardamines (orange tip butterfly), we also make use of parameters determined from previous experiments on pupal development to model the spring phenology. Using daily temperatures in the UK and Sweden, we show that recent vari- ation in spring temperature corresponds to 10–15 day changes in emergence time over UK and Sweden, whereas variation in winter duration corresponds to 20 days variation in the south of the UK versus only 3 days in the south of Sweden.5. In summary, we show that short winters delay phenology. The effect is most prominent in areas with particularly mild winters, emphasising the importance of winter for the response of ectothermic animals to climate change. With climate change, these effects may become even stronger and apply also at higher latitudes.
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