| 1. |
- Alm, Elisabet, 1948-
(författare)
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Sveconorwegian metallogenesis in Sweden
- 2000
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Two main ore types are found in the Sveconorwegian Orogen in southwestern Sweden (Southwest Scandinavian Domain). One of them comprises stratabound Cu mineralizations in the Dal group, located west of lake Vänern. The other comprises quartz veins with varying precious and base metal contents, distributed over 250 km between lake Mjøsa (southeastern Norway) and lake Vänern. In this thesis, both ore types are discussed, although the main emphasis is on Au-bearing quartz veins, particularly those in the Harnäs area near lake Vänern.The Dal group is a 2000 m thick sequence of clastic sediments and intercalated mafic volcanic rocks, metamorphosed under greenschist facies conditions. It records deposition mainly in a shallow marine basin, formed during a rift stage preceding the Sveconorwegian orogeny (c. 1.15-0.9 Ga). The volcanic rocks have been subject to various degrees of sodic and/or potassic alteration. Geochemical and Sm-Nd isotopic evidence indicate a continental setting of volcanism. Cu mineralizations (chalcopyrite and bornite) occur at two stratigraphic levels. An ore-genetic model involving synsedimentary (or syndiagenetic) deposition of sulphides from metal-bearing fluids is favoured.Among Au-bearing quartz veins in the Mjøsa-Vänern ore district, four paragenetic types have been distinguished: Cu-dominated veins with chalcopyrite and/or bornite; Pb-Cu-bearing veins with pyrite, galena and chalcopyrite; Zn-Pb-dominated veins with sphalerite, galena, pyrite and chalcopyrite; Mn-bearing vein(s) with galena, chalcopyrite and hausmannite. In addition, e.g. native gold, argyrodite, hessite, tellurobismuthite and altaite are recognized. The ore lead isotopic composition is complex and metals appear to be derived from a variety of source rocks.The orthogneisses, which constitute the host rocks to the Harnäs veins and the Brustad Au quartz veins (Eidsvoll, near lake Mjøsa), have been investigated with respect to geochemistry, U-Pb zircon age and feldspar lead isotopic composition. The obtained intrusion age of the Brustad augen gneiss is 1674 ± 10 Ma and this rock is considered to belong to the Transscandinavian Igneous Belt. The Harnäs gneiss yielded a protolith age of 1595 +24/-17 Ma and is considered to be a member of the Åmål granitoid suite. Both orthogneisses have undergone ductile deformation during the Sveconorwegian orogeny. A complete isotopic resetting of the feldspar lead through dynamic recrystallization in conjunction with this deformation, at c. 1.0 Ga, has been demonstrated.The steeply dipping Harnäs veins are hosted in a local left-lateral shear zone, which transects the fabric in the surrounding orthogneisses. The moderate wall rock alteration was mainly sericitic. Fluid inclusions show that the ore-bearing vein system at Harnäs developed essentially in three stages: a quartz stage, a pyrite-gold stage and finally a galena stage. The early ore fluid was CO2-bearing, of low salinity and with a temperature of c. 200 oC, while in the galena stage it was purely aqueous, with a slightly higher salinity and a slightly lower temperature. Oxygen and sulphur isotope results imply a predominantly metamorphic origin for the ore fluid and suggest that the fluid constituents were derived from the regional orthogneisses. Ore lead isotopic compositions indicate metal derivation from these orthogneisses shortly after the Sveconorwegian deformation and resetting of feldspar lead. Subordinate Au-anomalous quartz veins in the Harnäs area as well as the Brustad Au quartz veins show characteristics similar to the Harnäs veins. Despite recognized variations, e.g. in mineralogy, a common origin is envisaged for most veins in the Mjøsa-Vänern ore district. They are characterized as late Proterozoic orogenic type Au deposits, with modern analogues e.g. in the western Alps.
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| 3. |
- Stendal, Henrik, et al.
(författare)
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Gold potential of the Mpanda Mineral Field, SW Tanzania : Evaluation based on geological, lead isotopic and aeromagnetic data
- 2004
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Ingår i: Journal of African Earth Sciences. - : Elsevier. - 0899-5362 .- 1464-343X. ; 38:5, s. 437-447
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Gold and base metals of the Mpanda Mineral Field (MMF) is the focus of this paper. Gold veins and gold-bearing base metal occurrences are structurally controlled by conjugate sets of NW-SE and E-W trending faults and/or shear zones that crosscut high-grade metamorphic rocks and post-kinematic intrusions. It was anticipated that Palaeoproterozic country rocks could have been potential host rocks for the gold mineralisation in this area. This argumentation was based on Pb model ages of various deposits from the MMF. Recent fieldwork and Pb isotopic results presented herein indicate that epigenetic gold and base metal vein-type mineralisation in the MMF is post-Palaeoproterozoic. Our Pb isotope study concentrates on constraining the sources of metals in gold-bearing quartz reefs and base metal occurrences. Pb isotopes of whole rocks and minerals indicate that mineralisation was emplaced during the Neoproterozoic, contemporaneous with the intrusion of alkaline granites and carbonatite complexes (e.g., Sangu-Ikola carbonatite complex) at ∼720 Ma. The source of Pb in the mineral occurrences is compatible with that characteristic of the Palaeoproterozoic host rocks. Aeromagnetic data suggest that the gold-bearing, NNW-SSE trending area continues to the north beyond Mpanda town. Pb isotope results and aeromagnetic data have significant implications for future exploration programs within the region, in that the search should potentially focus on the defined geophysical borders and trendlines, and on Neoproterozoic, rather than Palaeoproterozoic vein systems
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| 4. |
- Stensgaard, Bo Møller, et al.
(författare)
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Assessment of mineral potential using cross-validation techniques and statistical analysis : A case study from the paleoproterozoic of West Greenland
- 2006
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Ingår i: Economic geology and the bulletin of the Society of Economic Geologists. - : Society of Economic Geologists. - 0361-0128 .- 1554-0774. ; 101:7, s. 1397-1413
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- An ideal mineral exploration program characterizes all types of data by describing its relationship to an integrated mineral deposit and exploration model. The model is used to interpret the mineralization and plays a role in the decision making for exploration activities and investments. Successful application of the model depends on validated techniques that quantify the signatures of geologic features, combine data, and lead to parameters that can be expressed in economic terms. A step-by-step procedure for assessment of mineral potential is proposed here based on probabilistic models, on empirical analysis, and on location and quantitative characterization of known mineral occurrences. Mineral potential maps are constructed as a part of the procedure. The reliability of the results is evaluated mathematically by cross validations and prediction rate curves. Estimations of the probability for new discoveries are made and the results are discussed in economic terms. To illustrate the procedure we apply the method to exploration f or volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits in a poorly to moderately explored area of about 25,800 km2 within the Paleoproterozoic Nagssugtoqidian orogen of West Greenland. The input data for the analysis include 67 noneconomic occurrences and 15 different types of geophysical and geochemical data. Based on statistical characterizations, 36 of the occurrences were divided into three groups (the Naternaq, Arfersiorfik, and Ataneq groups). The remaining 31 occurrences did not have consistent characteristics in terms of the 15 geophysical and geochemical parameters, and these were excluded from further statistical study. A consistent set of geophysical and geochemical characteristics was established for each of the three groups and used to construct mineral potential maps of the exploration area. Each potential map was divided into 200 equal-size classes of 129 km2 each (0.5% of the entire study area). The probability that the most favorable 129 km2 will host an occurrence of the type assigned to a particular group is estimated as 71, 32, and 100 percent for the three groups (Naternaq, Arfersiorfik, and Ataneq). The probabilities of new discoveries within a specific minimum prospective area targeted for exploration are also discussed. The probabilities of new discoveries within 1 km2 of the 129 km2 most favorable area were estimated as 1.0, 0.3, and 23 percent, respectively for the three types of occurrences
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| 5. |
- Szilas, Kristoffer, et al.
(författare)
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Origin of Mesoarchaean arc-related rocks with boninite/komatiite affinities from southern West Greenland
- 2012
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Ingår i: Lithos. - : Elsevier BV. - 0024-4937. ; 144, s. 24-39
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We report whole-rock elemental and Sm-Nd isotope geochemical data from mafic-ultramafic supracrustal rocks from the Nunatak 1390 area in southern West Greenland. Additionally, we report the metamorphic temperature history for these rocks as derived from tourmaline thermometry on a tourmalinite inlier, as well as in situ U-Pb, Hf and O isotopic data from zircons extracted from tonalite-trondhjemite-granodiorite (TTG) gneisses that intruded the mafic-ultramafic sequence. The supracrustal rocks from the Nunatak 1390 area have a minimum age of c. 2900 Ma defined by U-Pb zircon ages of cross-cutting aplite sheets of TTG composition. The supracrustal sequence comprises mafic rocks with pillow structures and ultramafic rocks with no evidence of their protolith. They all have amphibolite-facies mineral assemblages and a peak metamorphic temperature of approximately 550 degrees C. The mafic sequence has relatively flat trace element patterns (La-N/Sm-N of 0.70-2.4) and mostly negative Nb-anomalies (Nb/Nb* of 0.30-1.0) and resembles modern island arc tholeiites. The mafic sequence can be divided into a high- and low-Ti group, where the former group has lower MgO, and significantly higher contents of incompatible elements such as TiO2, P2O5, Zr, Nb and Th. The ultramafic rocks have major and trace element compositions similar to Ti-enriched/Karasjok-type komatiites described in the literature. However, there are no textural indications that the ultramafic rocks from Nunatak 1390 are komatiites sensu stricto. The low-Ti group of the mafic sequence appears to have been derived from a N-MORB source, whereas the high-Ti group and the ultramafic rocks appear to have been derived from a mantle source that is more enriched than the N-MORB source. However, there is no difference in the initial epsilon Nd of the mafic and ultramafic rocks. Additionally, assimilation-fractional-crystallisation (AFC) modelling is consistent with this enrichment being caused by introduction of juvenile low-silica adalcite (slab-melt) into the mantle source region. Accordingly, we propose that the mafic and ultramafic rocks were derived from a similar type of mantle source, but that the ultramafic rocks were derived from a previously depleted mantle source that was refertilised by slab melts in a subduction zone setting. The high MgO contents of the ultramafic rocks could thus reflect a second stage of partial melting of a refractory mantle in a process similar to that which is suggested for the formation of modern boninites. We propose that the mafic-ultramafic sequence represents an island arc that evolved initially as a juvenile complex (c. 3000 Ma). However, inherited zircon grains in aplites and Hf isotope data recorded by the second intrusive TTG phase (c. 2850-2870 Ma), show that mixing with older pre-existing crust occurred during this event. Because the regional crust is dominated by TTGs of this younger age, our data suggests that it likely formed by accretion and melting of arcs of different ages and/or contamination of juvenile arcs by pre-existing continental crust rather than entirely by juvenile arc differentiation or melting. Our data thus supports melting of thickened mafic crust in an accretionary setting, rather than direct slab melting, as a mechanism for Archaean crust formation. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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| 6. |
- Weihed, Pär, et al.
(författare)
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Metallic mineral deposits in the Nordic countries
- 2008
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Ingår i: Episodes. - : International Union of Geological Sciences. - 0705-3797 .- 2586-1298. ; 31:1, s. 125-132
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Nordic countries, including Greenland, have a long tradition in mining. Documented mining dates back to the 8th century AD. Today this region is the most important metallic mining district of the European Union. Metals are producedfrom active mines in all countries except Iceland and related industries are thriving in all countries. Important ore deposit types include: volcanogenic massive sulphide deposits (Cu, Zn, Pb, Au, Ag), orogenic gold deposits (Au), layered intrusions (Ni, PGE, Ti±V), intrusive hosted Cu-Au, apatite-Fe deposits, Cr and anorthosite hosted Ti deposits. Besides these welldocumented deposits, new kinds of deposits are being explored, e.g., iron oxide-copper-gold (IOCG), and shalehosted Ni-Zn-Cu and different types of uranium deposits.
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