| 1. |
- Gulbrandsen, Lars H., et al.
(författare)
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Pulp and paper industry
- 2016
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Ingår i: Corporate Responses to EU Emissions Trading : Resistance, Innovation or Responsibility? - Resistance, Innovation or Responsibility?. - 9781409460787 - 9781317159438 ; , s. 127-164
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The EU ETS was the first international policy instrument to introduce regulation of CO2 emissions of pulp and paper companies with installations in Europe. Out of 11, 500 installations introduced to the system about 900 were pulp and paper mills. In terms of allocated emission allowances (EUAs) the pulp and paper industry (hereafter PPI) represents two per cent of the EU ETS (Hyvärinen 2005: 40). The ability of the ETS to induce companies to adopt more proactive and innovative abatement strategies represents a critical test of the EU’s ability to realize a lowcarbon economy. This chapter examines to what extent and how the ETS has influenced the climate strategies of major pulp and paper companies. Thus far, there have hardly been any in-depth studies of the impact of the ETS on the PPI. One notable exception is a study by Rogge et al. (2011). Based upon an examination of survey data of paper producers and technology providers in Germany, this study found that innovation activities in the PPI are mainly governed by market factors and are hardly affected by the ETS and other climate policies. However, given that the ETS is the first regulation directly targeting the CO2 emissions from pulp and paper companies in Europe, we were puzzled by the finding that the ETS had apparently so little effect on innovation activities. We suspect that an examination of survey data may miss critical aspects of corporate responses to the ETS.
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| 2. |
- Gulbrandsen, Lars H., et al.
(författare)
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The limited effect of EU emissions trading on corporate climate strategies: Comparison of a Swedish and a Norwegian pulp and paper company
- 2013
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Ingår i: Energy Policy. - : Elsevier BV. - 1873-6777 .- 0301-4215. ; 56, s. 516-525
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article article examines to what extent and how the EU ETS has influenced the climate strategies of two Nordic pulp and paper companies: Swedish SCA and Norwegian Norske Skog. Rising electricity prices are perceived to be the greatest effect of the scheme. The EU ETS has served to reinforce commitments to improve energy efficiency and reduce CO2 emissions in both companies studied. Procedures like monitoring of CO2 emissions and accounting for CO2 prices have become more significant since the introduction of the EU ETS, but the scheme has not triggered a search for innovative, low-carbon solutions. Due to differences in market factors and production factors, SCA has been more active than Norske Skog in investing in and implementing CO2-lean actions. Future studies of climate-mitigation activities, strategies and innovations in the pulp and paper industry should involve more in-depth investigation of the interactions between such factors and the EU ETS. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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| 3. |
- Johansson, Ida, et al.
(författare)
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Energy Efficiency Networks for SMEs - Program Theory and Ongoing Evaluation
- 2017
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- It is well known from literature and experienced by practitioners that various barriers are hindering energy management practices and energy efficiency improvements in (industrial) SMEs. With relatively low-cost shares for energy end-use and other priorities, energy management and energy efficiency measures seldom become an area for attention or investments. Consequently, large cost-effective energy efficiency potentials are left untapped. The situation is not pleasing given the European 2020 strategy for "smart, sustainable and inclusive growth", in which energy efficiency is to form a centerpiece with its abilities to provide multiple benefits that goes beyond energy cost savings.There are good practice examples where SMEs take part in networks and thereby join forces and cooperate to build energy management capacities. For the first time formalized and applied, on a regional level in Sweden, an Industrial Energy Efficiency Network (IEEN) model currently operates with the aim to attract the participation of at least 80 SMEs in ten local networks. An ongoing evaluation approach has been initiated with the main intention to review key activities in project implementation and make proposals for improvements.As a joint analysis between the project management and the external evaluator, this paper aims to outline characteristics of the particular IEEN model, present intermediate results from implementation and provide further insights from the evaluation. To our awareness, program theory and ongoing evaluation has so far not been applied to IEENs. Our results show that it clarifies the change process and helps to identify unique intermediate results and challenges faced in different phases of implementation. These are important lessons with potential to enhance understanding and improve knowledge dissemination within the community of industrial energy efficiency policy analysts, project developers and evaluators in the Asian-Pacific region.
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| 4. |
- Lundy, Bronwen, et al.
(författare)
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Screening for Low Energy Availability in Male Athletes : Attempted Validation of LEAM-Q
- 2022
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Ingår i: Nutrients. - : MDPI. - 2072-6643. ; 14:9
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A questionnaire-based screening tool for male athletes at risk of low energy availability (LEA) could facilitate both research and clinical practice. The present options rely on proxies for LEA such screening tools for disordered eating, exercise dependence, or those validated in female athlete populations. in which the female-specific sections are excluded. To overcome these limitations and support progress in understanding LEA in males, centres in Australia, Norway, Denmark, and Sweden collaborated to develop a screening tool (LEAM-Q) based on clinical investigations of elite and sub-elite male athletes from multiple countries and ethnicities, and a variety of endurance and weight-sensitive sports. A bank of questions was developed from previously validated questionnaires and expert opinion on various clinical markers of LEA in athletic or eating disorder populations, dizziness, thermoregulation, gastrointestinal symptoms, injury, illness, wellbeing, recovery, sleep and sex drive. The validation process covered reliability, content validity, a multivariate analysis of associations between variable responses and clinical markers, and Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC) curve analysis of variables, with the inclusion threshold being set at 60% sensitivity. Comparison of the scores of the retained questionnaire variables between subjects classified as cases or controls based on clinical markers of LEA revealed an internal consistency and reliability of 0.71. Scores for sleep and thermoregulation were not associated with any clinical marker and were excluded from any further analysis. Of the remaining variables, dizziness, illness, fatigue, and sex drive had sufficient sensitivity to be retained in the questionnaire, but only low sex drive was able to distinguish between LEA cases and controls and was associated with perturbations in key clinical markers and questionnaire responses. In summary, in this large and international cohort, low sex drive was the most effective self-reported symptom in identifying male athletes requiring further clinical assessment for LEA.
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| 5. |
- Nilsson, Lars J, et al.
(författare)
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Counting beans or moving mountains - the predicament of energy efficiency policy
- 2011
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Ingår i: Energy efficiency first. - Stockholm : European Council for an Energy Efficient Economy (ECEEE). - 9789163344558
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Many studies identify energy efficiency as the most important and least costly option for reducing CO2-emissions while at the same time contributing to other policy objectives. The main challenge seems to be how to design, implement and evaluate policy to ensure that these opportunities are captured and policy perceived as legitimate. There is often a gap between rhetoric or broadly stated objectives in policy development and the narrow focus on verifying additional savings in evaluation. Ancillary benefits and costs are often overlooked and the primary criteria for impact evaluations are whether policies deliver additional and cost-effective savings. In practice, however, such impact evaluations are fraught with fundamental methodological difficulties and uncertainty. Double counting, spill-over, free rider and rebound effects are real and recognised factors that complicate evaluation. This has been experienced in the development of a harmonised calculation model as stipulated by the Energy Services Directive where a fair amount of attention has been given to such factors. In the mean time the more challenging, yet non-binding, 20 percent target of the EU Energy Efficiency Action Plan is stressing a need for new policy implementation. The question then becomes: how can the legitimate demands for policy to deliver additional savings be realistically addressed in practice and balanced against broad and long-term objectives? To answer this question, we provide an overview and assessment of the issues, opportunities, and correction factors for energy efficiency policy design and evaluation. We challenge the preoccupation with verifying countable savings and argue that it can be counterproductive. What counts are policy frameworks that can unleash and accelerate energy efficiency across all sectors in order to reach levels that are commensurate with broader energy and climate policy goals.
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| 6. |
- Nilsson, Lars J, et al.
(författare)
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EMEEES bottom-up case application 20: voluntary agreements with individual companies - engineering method (industry and tertiary sectors)
- 2009
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The objective of the EMEEES project is to assist the European Commission in developing harmonised evaluation methods. It aims to design methods to evaluate the measures implemented to achieve the 9% energy savings target set out in the EU Directive (2006/32/EC) (ESD) on energy end-use efficiency and energy services. The assistance by the project and its partners is delivered through practical advice, technical support and results. It includes the development of concrete methods for the evaluation of single programmes, services and measures (mostly bottom-up), as well as schemes for monitoring the overall impact of all measures implemented in a Member State (combination of bottom-up and top-down). This report present a bottom-up methodology for the evaluation of voluntary agreements with individual companies.
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
- Sidén, Göran, 1945-, et al.
(författare)
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100 procent förnybar elenergi år 2020 – 2025 – 2030?
- 2016
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Rapport (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- Rapporten beskriver möjligheterna att ställa om Sveriges elförsörjning till 100 procent förnybart i tre olika tidsperspektiv, fem, tio eller femton år.Scenarierna är genomförbara. Kostnaden för elproduktion från nya anläggningar för sol- och vindkraft är redan idag eller kommer snart att vara lägre än kostnader för energi från nya anläggningar för den fossilkraft eller kärnkraft som ska ersättas. Detta gäller i synnerhet om man tar hänsyn till de så kallade externa kostnaderna. Externa kostnader är kostnader för klimatpåverkan, kemiska och radioaktiva rutinutsläpp och stora olyckor som belastar samhället, men som inte betalas direkt av elproducenterna. Framtidens el från förnybar energi kan framställas till lägre kostnad än den vi har för dagens energiförsörjning.
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| 9. |
- Stenqvist, Christian, et al.
(författare)
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A tool for sourcing sustainable building renovation : The energy efficiency maturity matrix
- 2018
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Ingår i: Sustainability (Switzerland). - : MDPI AG. - 2071-1050. ; 10:5
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The success of sustainable building renovation is inevitably dependent on the capabilities of the involved stakeholders throughout the entire project. Therefore, any building client with intentions of sustainable building renovations must reflect on sourcing the adequate capabilities for a sustainable renovation project. The question in focus is: how to facilitate a sourcing strategy for energy-efficient sustainable building renovation and maintenance. This study on energy efficiency implementations shows that even in developed countries like Sweden, where energy efficiency is regulated by the EU, national legislation and other public policies, the municipal facilities management organizations need process guidance to navigate in decisions regarding in-house capabilities and collaboration with external service providers. A dialogue tool for the sourcing process, the energy efficiency maturity matrix, is developed to support future sourcing processes for energy-efficient buildings as a prominent part of the broader field of sustainable building renovation and maintenance. The future will show when building clients to a larger extent will embrace sourcing strategies instead of mainly focusing on specific technical improvements. The new International standards for facilities management (ISO18480 series) might support this change process, as it includes a sourcing approach, from a strategic level to an operational level, to add more value and to optimize costs.
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| 10. |
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