| 1. |
- Rohrer, Julia M., et al.
(författare)
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Putting the Self in Self-Correction : Findings From the Loss-of-Confidence Project
- 2021
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Ingår i: Perspectives on Psychological Science. - : Sage Publications. - 1745-6916 .- 1745-6924. ; 16:6, s. 1255-1269
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Science is often perceived to be a self-correcting enterprise. In principle, the assessment of scientific claims is supposed to proceed in a cumulative fashion, with the reigning theories of the day progressively approximating truth more accurately over time. In practice, however, cumulative self-correction tends to proceed less efficiently than one might naively suppose. Far from evaluating new evidence dispassionately and infallibly, individual scientists often cling stubbornly to prior findings. Here we explore the dynamics of scientific self-correction at an individual rather than collective level. In 13 written statements, researchers from diverse branches of psychology share why and how they have lost confidence in one of their own published findings. We qualitatively characterize these disclosures and explore their implications. A cross-disciplinary survey suggests that such loss-of-confidence sentiments are surprisingly common among members of the broader scientific population yet rarely become part of the public record. We argue that removing barriers to self-correction at the individual level is imperative if the scientific community as a whole is to achieve the ideal of efficient self-correction.
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| 2. |
- Gustavsson, Inger M., et al.
(författare)
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Randomised study shows that repeated self-sampling and HPV test has more than two-fold higher detection rate of women with CIN2+ histology than Pap smear cytology
- 2018
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Ingår i: British Journal of Cancer. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0007-0920 .- 1532-1827. ; 118:6, s. 896-904
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background:This randomised study compared the detection rate of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia-positive (CIN2+) based on histology in women performing repeated self-sampling of vaginal fluid (VF) for human papillomavirus (HPV) test with a control group following the ordinary screening by Pap smear cytology.Methods:36390 women aged 30–49 years scheduled for invitation to organised screening were randomised in two groups, one to perform self-sampling of VF for HPV test (n=17 997, HPV arm) and the other group to perform screening by PAP smear cytology (n=18 393, control arm). HPV positive women in the HPV arm repeated the self-sampling and the HPV test on average 4.4 months later and those with two consecutive positive HPV tests were referred to colposcopy. Outcome was CIN2+ based on histology during 18-month follow-up.Results:Participation rate was 47% in the HPV arm and 39% in the control arm. The HPV prevalence in the first self-sampling was 6.9%, and 71% of these women were HPV positive in their second test. For the per-protocol approach, cumulative prevalence of histological CIN2+ in the HPV arm was 20.2 per 1000 women screened as compared to 10.8 in the control arm. The cumulative prevalence of CIN2+ diagnosed per 1000 years screened was 160.8 in the HPV arm as compared with 25.4 in the control arm.Conclusions:Repeated self-sampling of VF and HPV test had more than a two-fold higher discovery rate of CIN2+ per 1000 women screened as compared with PAP smear cytology.
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| 3. |
- Jørgensen, Kenneth Mølbjerg, et al.
(författare)
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Down to earth : Gaia storytelling and the learning organization
- 2021
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Ingår i: Learning Organization. - : Emerald Group Publishing Limited. - 0969-6474 .- 1758-7905. ; 28:5, s. 464-477
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Purpose In accordance with Latour, this paper aims to respond to the call for a "down-to-earth" post-learning organization approach to sustainability, which is critical of Senge's conception of learning organization (LO). Design/methodology/approach "Gaia storytelling" is used to define a LO that is "down to earth." Findings Gaia is understood through the notion of a critical zone, which foregrounds the local and differentiated terrestrial conditions in which life on Earth is embedded. Practical implications Gaia storytelling implies perceiving LO as a network of storytelling practices enacted and told by unique creative citizens. Such an organization sustains and grows through several entangled storytelling cycles that allow Gaia to shape learning. Social implications The article distinguishes five different storytelling cycles as a way to explore how the Gaia theater cycle connects to other cycles. The four other cycles are called Gaia thinking, explorative, creative and Gaia truth-telling. Originality/value A Gaian LO is a new beginning for LO.
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| 4. |
- Larsson, Jörgen, et al.
(författare)
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Distribution of iodine 125-labeled alpha1-microglobulin in rats after intravenous injection
- 2001
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Ingår i: Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine. - : Elsevier BV. - 0022-2143 .- 1532-6543. ; 137:3, s. 165-175
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The 28-kd plasma protein alpha(1)-microglobulin is found in the blood of mammals and fish in a free, monomeric form and as high-molecular-weight complexes with molecular masses above 200 kd. In this study, iodine 125-labeled free and high-molecular weight rat alpha(1)-microglobulin (a mixture of alpha(1)-microglobulin/alpha(1)-inhibitor-3 and alpha(1)-microglobulin/fibronectin complexes) were injected intravenously into rats. The distribution of the proteins was measured by using scintillation camera imaging. Both forms of (125)I-labeled alpha(1)-microglobulin were rapidly cleared from the blood, with a half-life of 2 and 16 minutes for the initial and late phase, respectively, for free alpha(1)-microglobulin; and a half-life of 3 and 130 minutes for the initial and late phase, respectively, for the complexes. After 45 minutes, 6%, 16%, 27%, 13%, and 34% of the free (125)I-labeled alpha(1)-microglobulin and 18%, 21%, 6%, 10%, and 42% of the (125)I-labeled alpha(1)-microglobulin complexes were found in the blood, gastrointestinal tract, kidneys, liver, and the remainder of the body, respectively. The local distribution of injected (125)I-labeled alpha(1)-microglobulin in intestines and kidneys was investigated by microscopy and autoradiography. In the intestine, both forms were distributed in the basal layers, villi, and luminal contents. The results also suggested intracellular labeling of epithelial cells. Well-defined local regions containing higher concentrations of injected protein could be seen in the intestine. In the kidneys, both forms were found mostly in the cortex. Free (125)I-labeled alpha(1)-microglobulin was found predominantly in epithelial cells of a subset of the tubules, whereas the (125)I-labeled complexes were more evenly distributed. Intracellular labeling was indicated for both alpha(1)-microglobulin forms. The results thus indicate a rapid transport of (125)I-labeled alpha(1)-microglobulin from the blood to most tissues.
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| 5. |
- Mesher, David, et al.
(författare)
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Population-level effects of human papillomavirus vaccination programs on infections with nonvaccine genotypes
- 2016
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Ingår i: Emerging Infectious Diseases. - : Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). - 1080-6040 .- 1080-6059. ; 22:10, s. 1732-1740
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We analyzed human papillomavirus (HPV) prevalences during prevaccination and postvaccination periods to consider possible changes in nonvaccine HPV genotypes after introduction of vaccines that confer protection against 2 high-risk types, HPV16 and HPV18. Our meta-analysis included 9 studies with data for 13,886 girls and women ≤19 years of age and 23,340 women 20–24 years of age. We found evidence of cross-protection for HPV31 among the younger age group after vaccine introduction but little evidence for reductions of HPV33 and HPV45. For the group this same age group, we also found slight increases in 2 nonvaccine high-risk HPV types (HPV39 and HPV52) and in 2 possible high-risk types (HPV53 and HPV73). However, results between age groups and vaccines used were inconsistent, and the increases had possible alternative explanations; consequently, these data provided no clear evidence for type replacement. Continued monitoring of these HPV genotypes is important.
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| 6. |
- Nazarewicz, Julia, et al.
(författare)
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Assessing risk among women who perpetrate intimate partner abuse
- 2024
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Ingår i: Psychology, Crime and Law. - : Routledge. - 1068-316X .- 1477-2744.
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper presents a prospective evaluation of the predictive validity of three risk assessment instruments in a sample of Australian women identified by police as intimate partner abuse (IPA) perpetrators. Using a subsample from Spivak et al. (2020), 410 female IPA perpetrators were screened using the Victoria Police Screening Assessment for Family Violence Risk (VP-SAFvR) and evaluated alongside two samples of 60 and 229 female IPA perpetrators assessed using the Brief Spousal Assault Form for the Evaluation of Risk (B-SAFER) and a modified version of the Lethality Screen respectively. Of the three instruments, the VP-SAFvR possessed indicators of effective discrimination (i.e. sensitivity, specificity, area under the curve) and predictive validity (i.e. positive predictive value, negative predictive value) on general IPA recidivism and its intended outcome of family or intimate partner abuse. The B-SAFER risk judgement similarly predicted its intended outcome of physical IPA recidivism, with notable indicators of discrimination and predictive validity. The results of the Modified Lethality Screen were conversely mixed on measures of discrimination and prediction for its intended outcome of severe IPA. The current findings suggest that these instruments function consistently for women and men who are identified by police as perpetrating family or intimate partner abuse.
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| 7. |
- Strand, Niklas, 1981-, et al.
(författare)
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Report on simulator test results and driver acceptance of PROSPECT functions
- 2019
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The process of developing new automotive systems includes various testing cycles to assure a save operation in traffic. Physical system testing on test tracks is very important for this purpose, but rather expensive and might only become possible in later stages of the development process. Using a virtual simulation environment offers a safe possibility of testing new systems in early stages of development. Aditionally, driver-in-the-loop tests at test track and in a virtual simulator make it possible to evaluate driver reaction and potential acceptance by the future users of those systems. Within PROSPECT the new functions are investigated under various aspects in several simulator studies and test track studies.This deliverable D7.3 gives detailed information of conduction and results of the each study. Three studies focus exclusively on the for Vulnerable Road Users (VRUs) specifically dangerous urban intersection scenarios. The first of those studies examines the driver behaviour in a turning situation when a byciclist might be crossing. The second study, which provides an initial step in this line of research, analyzed the acceptance of issued forward collision warning times. In the third study acceptance of an intersection assist autonomous emergency braking systems was tested regarding the acceptance of potential buyers.Two studies focused on longitudinal scenarios. Both studies followed the same design, but one was conducted on a test track and the other one in a simulator. The main objective was to investigate drivers reactions to FCW warnings and Active Steering interventions in critical VRU scenarios in case of a distraction of the driver.
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| 8. |
- Troell, Max, 1962-, et al.
(författare)
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Perspectives on aquaculture's contribution to the Sustainable Development Goals for improved human and planetary health
- 2023
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Ingår i: Journal of the World Aquaculture Society. - 0893-8849 .- 1749-7345. ; 54:2, s. 251-342
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- The diverse aquaculture sector makes important contributions toward achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)/Agenda 2030, and can increasingly do so in the future. Its important role for food security, nutrition, livelihoods, economies, and cultures is not clearly visible in the Agenda 21 declaration. This may partly reflect the state of development of policies for aquaculture compared with its terrestrial counterpart, agriculture, and possibly also because aquaculture production has historically originated from a few key hotspot regions/countries. This review highlights the need for better integration of aquaculture in global food system dialogues. Unpacking aquaculture's diverse functions and generation of values at multiple spatiotemporal scales enables better understanding of aquaculture's present and future potential contribution to the SDGs. Aquaculture is a unique sector that encompasses all aquatic ecosystems (freshwater, brackish/estuarine, and marine) and is also tightly interconnected with terrestrial ecosystems through, for example, feed resources and other dependencies. Understanding environmental, social, and economic characteristics of the multifaceted nature of aquaculture provides for more context-specific solutions for addressing both opportunities and challenges for its future development. This review includes a rapid literature survey based on how aquaculture links to the specific SDG indicators. A conceptual framework is developed for communicating the importance of context specificity related to SDG outcomes from different types of aquaculture. The uniqueness of aquaculture's contributions compared with other food production systems are discussed, including understanding of species/systems diversity, the role of emerging aquaculture, and its interconnectedness with supporting systems. A selection of case studies is presented to illustrate: (1) the diversity of the aquaculture sector and what role this diversity can play for contributions to the SDGs, (2) examples of methodologies for identification of aquaculture's contribution to the SDGs, and (3) trade-offs between farming systems' contribution to meeting the SDGs. It becomes clear that decision-making around resource allocation and trade-offs between aquaculture and other aquatic resource users needs review of a wide range of established and emergent systems. The review ends by highlighting knowledge gaps and pathways for transformation that will allow further strengthening of aquaculture's role for contributing to the SDGs. This includes identification and building on already existing monitoring that can enable capturing SDG-relevant aquaculture statistics at a national level and discussion of how a cohesive and comprehensive aquaculture strategy, framed to meet the SDGs, may help countries to prioritize actions for improving well-being.
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