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| 2. |
- Strandberg, Gustav, et al.
(författare)
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Introduction
- 2024
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Ingår i: Jan Patočka and the Phenomenology of Life After Death. - Cham : Springer. - 9783031495472 - 9783031495489 ; , s. 1-11
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- From its very inception philosophy has been preoccupied with death, so much so that many philosophers have received the reputation of being somber, melancholic, and morbid in nature. By continuously reflecting on the meaning and nature of death, philosophers have seemingly been shrouded in darkness to such an extent that their contemporaries considered them to be dead long before they met their own demise. While this image of the moribund philosopher can certainly be questioned, the fact remains that many philosophers, and then especially the ancient ones, have insisted that there is an essential relation between philosophical thought and death. A life dedicated to philosophy would, it seems, at the same time imply a life lived in the shadow of death.
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| 3. |
- Friman (Fridahl), Mathias, 1980-, et al.
(författare)
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Historical responsibility for climate change : science and the science-policy interface
- 2014
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Ingår i: Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews. - : Wiley. - 1757-7780 .- 1757-7799. ; 5:3, s. 297-316
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Since 1990, the academic literature on historical responsibility (HR) for climate change has grown considerably. Over these years, the approaches to defining this responsibility have varied considerably. This article demonstrates how this variation can be explained by combining various defining aspects of historical contribution and responsibility. Scientific knowledge that takes for granted choices among defining aspects will likely become a basis for distrust within science, among negotiators under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), and elsewhere. On the other hand, for various reasons, not all choices can be explicated at all times. In this article, we examine the full breadth of complexities involved in scientifically defining HR and discuss how these complexities have consequences for the science-policy interface concerning HR. To this end, we review and classify the academic literature on historical contributions to and responsibility for climate change into categories of defining aspects. One immediately policy-relevant conclusion emerges from this exercise: Coupled with negotiators' highly divergent understandings of historical responsibility, the sheer number of defining aspects makes it virtually impossible to offer scientific advice without creating distrust in certain parts of the policy circle. This conclusion suggests that scientific attempts to narrow the options for policymakers will have little chance of succeeding unless policymakers first negotiate a clearer framework for historical responsibility. For further resources related to this article, please visit the . Conflict of interest: The authors have declared no conflicts of interest for this article.
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| 4. |
- Friman, Mathias, 1980-, et al.
(författare)
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Historical responsibility for climate change : defining aspects
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Since 1990, the academic literature on historical responsibility for climate change has grown considerably. Over these years, the approaches to defining this responsibility have varied considerably. This article demonstrates how this variation can be explained with reference to combining various aspects in defining of historic contribution and responsibility without always explicating them. Scientific knowledge that takes choices among defining aspects for granted is likely to become a foundation for distrust, both within science and among negotiators under UNFCCC and elsewhere. On the other hand, for various reasons, not all choices can be explicated at all times. This article is intended to guide those who need to evaluate the assumptions underlying specific claims regarding historical responsibility. As such, the article aims to map, review, and analytically classify the academic literature on historic contributions to and responsibility for climate change into categories of defining aspects. One immediately policy--‐relevant conclusion emerges from this exercise: Coupled with negotiators’ highly divergent understandings of historical responsibility, the sheer number of defining aspects makes it virtually impossible to offer scientific advice without creating distrust in certain parts of the policy circle. This conclusion suggests that any scientific attempt to establish historical responsibility will have little relevance to actual policy unless policymakers first negotiate a clearer framework for its establishment.
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| 5. |
- Gaillard, Marie-José, et al.
(författare)
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Causes of Regional Change : Land Cover
- 2015
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Ingår i: Second Assessment of Climate Change for the Baltic Sea Basin. - Cham : Springer. - 9783319160054 - 9783319160061 ; , s. 453-477
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Anthropogenic land-cover change (ALCC) is one of the few climate forcings for which the net direction of the climate response over the last two centuries is still not known. The uncertainty is due to the often counteracting temperature responses to the many biogeophysical effects and to the biogeochemical versus biogeophysical effects. Palaeoecological studies show that the major transformation of the landscape by anthropogenic activities in the southern zone of the Baltic Sea basin occurred between 6000 and 3000/2500 cal year BP. The only modelling study of the biogeophysical effects of past ALCCs on regional climate in north-western Europe suggests that deforestation between 6000 and 200 cal year BP may have caused significant change in winter and summer temperature. There is no indication that deforestation in the Baltic Sea area since AD 1850 would have been a major cause of the recent climate warming in the region through a positive biogeochemical feedback. Several model studies suggest that boreal reforestation might not be an effective climate warming mitigation tool as it might lead to increased warming through biogeophysical processes.
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| 6. |
- Gaillard, Marie-José, et al.
(författare)
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From land cover-climate relationships at the subcontinental scale to land cover-environment relationships at the regional and local spatial scale – the contribution of pollen-based quantitative reconstructions of vegetation cover using the Landscape Reconstruction Algorithm approach
- 2014
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Ingår i: Towards a more accurate quantification of human-environment interactions in the past. ; , s. 25-26
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Landscape Reconstruction Algorithm (Sugita 2007a,b) includes two models, REVEALS (Regional Estimates of VEgetation Abundance from Large Sites) that estimates vegetation abundance (% cover) within an area of ca. 100 km x 100 km, and LOVE (LOcal Vegetation Estimates) that estimates vegetation abundance at the local spatial scale, i.e. within the Relevant Source Area of Pollen (RSAP sensu Sugita, 2004) that is the smallest area around the study site for which the reconstruction is valid. The RSAP is estimated by the LOVE model and varies between sites and vegetation settings; so far, it was estimated to vary between < 1 - < 10 km in most ecological settings of the Holocene in NW Europe. We used the REVEALS model and over 600 pollen records from pollen data bases and individual researchers to reconstruct land-cover in NW Europe N of the Alps for key time windows of the Holocene in order to assess model-based reconstructions of anthropogenic land-cover change (ALCC) (e.g. Kaplan et al., 2009) and model (LPJ-GUESS) simulations of past potential (climate-induced vegetation), and to study past land cover – climate interactions using a regional climate model (RCA3). We used the REVEALS model and the complete LRA approach (REVEALS + LOVE models) along with two pollen records from large lakes and three pollen records from small bogs to reconstruct the local-scale land-cover in central Småland, southern Sweden, to study the relationship between vegetation composition, fire, climate and human impact at the regional and local spatial scales with the objective to discuss biodiversity issues. Our results suggest that i) past subcontinental to regional ALCC did influence regional climate through biogeophysical processes at the landatmosphere interface (Strandberg et al., submitted), and ii) local land-cover change, both natural and anthropogenic, govern environmental changes such as fire and biodiversity (Cui et al., 2013; Cui et al., submitted).
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| 7. |
- Gaillard, Marie-José, et al.
(författare)
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Has anthropogenic land-cover change been a significant climate forcing in the past? : An assessment for the Baltic Sea catchment area based on a literature review
- 2015
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Ingår i: Geophysical Research Abstracts.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- We reviewed the recent published scientific literature on land cover-climate interactions at the global and regional spatial scales with the aim to assess whether it is convincingly demonstrated that anthropogenic land-cover change (ALCC) has been (over the last centuries and millennia) a significant climate forcing at the global scale, and more specifically at the scale of the Baltic Sea catchment area. The conclusions from this review are as follows: i) anthropogenic land-cover change (ALCC) is one of the few climate forcings for which the net direction of the climate response in the past is still not known. The uncertainty is due to the often counteracting temperature responses to the many biogeophysical effects, and to the biogeochemical vs biogeophysical effects; ii) there is no indication that deforestation in the Baltic Sea area since AD 1850 would have been a major cause of the recent climate warming in the region through a positive biogeochemical feedback; iii) several model studies suggest that boreal reforestation might not be an effective climate warming mitigation tool as it might lead to increased warming through biogeophysical processes; iv) palaeoecological studies indicate a major transformation of the landscape by anthropogenic activities in the southern zone of the study region occurring between 6000 and 3000/2500 calendar years before present (cal. BP) (1) ; v) the only modelling study so far of the biogeophysical effects of past ALCCs on regional climate in Europe suggests that a deforestation of the magnitude of that reconstructed for the past (between 6000 and 200 cal BP) can produce changes in winter and summer temperatures of +/- 1, the sign of the change depending on the season and the region (2). Thus, if ALCC and their biogeophysical effects did matter in the past, they should matter today and in the future. A still prevailing idea is that planting trees will mitigate climate warming through biogeochemical effects. Therefore, there is still an urgent need to better understand the biogeophysical effects on regional and continental climate of afforestation in the hemiboreal and boreal regions, and their significance in relation to the biogeochemical effects.
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| 8. |
- Gaillard, Marie-José, 1953-, et al.
(författare)
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Land cover-climate interactions in the past for the understanding of current and future climate change : the LANDCLIM project
- 2014
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the Global Land Project 2nd Open Science Meeting, Berlin,<em> </em>March 19<sup>th</sup> – 21<sup>st</sup>, 2014. - Amsterdam/Berlin/Sao Paulo : Global Land Project. ; , s. 229-230
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The LANDCLIM (LAND cover – CLIMate interactions in NW Europe during the Holocene) project has the overall aim to quantify human-induced changes in regional vegetation/land-cover in northwestern and western Europe North of the Alps during the Holocene (the last 11 500 years) with the purpose to evaluate and further refine the dynamic vegetation model LPJGUESS and the regional climate model RCA3, and to assess the possible effects on the climate development of two historical processes, i.e. climate-driven changes in vegetation and human-induced changes in land cover, via the influence of forested versus non-forested land cover on shortwave albedo, energy and water fluxes. Accounting for land surface changes may be particularly important for regional climate modeling, as the biophysical feedbacks operate at this scale. The aims of the LANDCLIM project are achieved by applying a model-data comparison scheme. The REVEALS model is used to estimate land cover from pollen data for 10 plant functional types (PFTs) and 5 time windows of the Holocene - modern time, 200 BP, 500 BP, 3000 BP and 6000 BP. The REVEALS estimates are then compared to the LPJGUESS simulations of potential vegetation and with the ALCC scenarios of Kaplan et al. (KK10) and Klein-Goldewijk et al. (HYDE). The alternative descriptions of past land-cover are then used in the regional climate model RCA3 to study the effect of anthropogenic land-cover on climate. The model-simulated climate is finally compared to palaeoclimate proxies other than pollen. The REVEALS estimates demonstrate that the study region was characterized by larger areas of human-induced openland than pollen percentages suggest, and that these areas were already very large by 3000 BP. The KK10 scenarios were found to be closer to the REVEALS estimates than the HYDE scenarios. LPJGUESS simulates potential climate-induced vegetation. The results from the RCA3 runs at 200 BP and 6000 BP using the LPJGUESS and KK10 land-cover descriptions indicate that past human-induced deforestation did produce a decrease in summer temperatures of >0 - 1.5°C due to biogeophysical processes, and that the degree of decrease differed between regions; the effect of human-induced deforestation on winter temperatures was shown to be more complex. The positive property of forests as CO2 sinks is well known. But afforestation (i.e. planting forest) may also have the opposite effect of warming the climate through biogeophysical processes. Careful studies on land cover-climate interactions are essential to understand the net result of all possible processes related to anthropogenic land-cover change so that relevant landscape management can be implemented for mitigation of climate warming.
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| 9. |
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| 10. |
- Garmabaki, Amir Soleimani, et al.
(författare)
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Climate Change Impact Assessment on Railway Maintenance
- 2022
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the 32nd European Safety and Reliability Conference (ESREL 2022). - Singapore : Research Publishing.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Modern societies have become more and more complex, interconnected, and heavily dependent ontransport infrastructure. Moreover, most transport infrastructures were conceptualized, designed and built withoutanticipating the future variations of climate change. Climate changes have a negative impact on the railway systemand related costs. Increased temperatures, precipitation, sea levels, and frequency of extremely adverse weatherevents such as floods, heatwaves, and heavy snowfall pose major risks and consequences for railway infrastructureassets, operations and maintenance. Approximately, 5 to 10% of total failures and 60% of delays of trains are dueto various climate change impacts of railway infrastructure in northern Europe. In Sweden, weather-related failureswere responsible for 50% of train delays in switches and crossings (S&C).The paper explores a pathway toward climate resilience in transport networks and assess the climate change impactson railway infrastructure by integrating transport infrastructure health information with meteorological, satellite,and expert knowledge. The paper provides recommendations considering adaptation options to ensure an effectiveand efficient railway transport operation and maintenance.
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