| 1. |
- Aagaard, Lise, et al.
(författare)
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Global Patterns of Adverse Drug Reactions Over a Decade Analyses of Spontaneous Reports to VigiBase (TM)
- 2012
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Ingår i: Drug Safety. - : Adis. - 0114-5916 .- 1179-1942. ; 35:12, s. 1171-1182
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Although systems to collect information about suspected adverse drug reactions (ADRs) were established in many countries and by the WHO in the 1960s, few studies have examined reported ADRs related to national income. Objective: The aim of the study was to characterize ADRs reported to the WHO-ADR database, VigiBase (TM), and to relate data to national income. Methods: We analysed ADR reports submitted to VigiBase (TM) from 2000 to 2009 with respect to reporting rate, age and sex of patient, type, seriousness and medications. Reports were also analysed with respect to national income level, classified in accordance with the World Bank definition: low, lower-middle, upper-middle and high. Results: We analysed 1 359 067 ADR reports including 3 013 074 ADRs. Overall, 16% of reports were serious and 60% were reported for females. High-income countries had the highest ADR reporting rates (range 3-613 reports/million inhabitants/year) and low-income countries the lowest (range 0-21). Distribution of ADRs across income groups with respect to age group, seriousness and sex was non-significant. Overall, the majority of ADRs were reported for nervous system medications, followed by cardiovascular medicines. Low-income countries reported relatively more ADRs for antiinfectives for systemic use than high-income countries, and high-income countries reported more ADRs for antineoplastic and immunomodulating agents than lower-income groups. Conclusion: This study showed that high-income countries had the highest ADR reporting rates and low-income countries the lowest, with large variations across countries in each group. Significant differences in ADR reporting rates were only found for ADRs of the type skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders and for the therapeutic groups antiinfectives for systemic use and antineoplastic and immunomodulation agents. To strengthen ADR reporting rates, especially in low-income countries, more research is needed about the impact of organizational structures and economic resources of national pharmacovigilance centres and ADR reporting practices on the large variations in ADR reporting rates within income groups.
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| 2. |
- Jar-Allah, Tagrid, et al.
(författare)
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Abnormal cervical cytology is associated with preterm delivery: A population based study
- 2019
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Ingår i: Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica. - : Wiley. - 0001-6349 .- 1600-0412. ; 98:6, s. 777-786
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Introduction: Increasing evidence suggests that cervical intraepithelial neoplasia, with or without subsequent treatment, is associated with preterm delivery. We aimed to explore the association between abnormal cervical cytology of different severity and the subsequent obstetric outcomes such as preterm delivery. Material and methods: The historical register-based cohort study comprised 19822 women in the Western Region of Sweden who had at least one abnormal cervical cytology from 1978 to 2012 before the age of 45 and a subsequent singleton delivery. The reference group comprised 39644 women with normal cervical cytology and a subsequent singleton delivery, matched by age and parity. Data were retrieved from the Swedish National Cervical Screening Registry, linked to the Swedish Medical Birth Register and Statistic Sweden. The study outcomes were spontaneous preterm delivery before 37 and 34weeks, low birthweight (≤2500g), small-for-gestational-age, preterm premature rupture of membranes and neonatal mortality. Multivariable log binominal regression analyses were applied. Results: Preterm delivery before 37weeks was more common among women with abnormal cervical cytology compared with reference group: 6% vs 4.5%; adjusted relative risk 1.30 (95% confidence interval 1.21-1.39). High vs low-grade abnormal cervical cytology implied a higher risk: 7% vs 5.8% (P<0.001). Early preterm delivery before 34weeks, preterm premature rupture of membranes and low birthweight, but not small-for-gestational-age and neonatal mortality, were significantly more common in women with abnormal cervical cytology compared with the reference group. Conclusions: Abnormal cervical cytology may imply an increased risk of preterm delivery. Further studies are needed to investigate whether that risk is related to treatment.
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| 3. |
- Pay, Aase Serine D, et al.
(författare)
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Symphysis-fundus height measurement to predict small-for-gestational-age status at birth: a systematic review.
- 2015
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Ingår i: BMC pregnancy and childbirth. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1471-2393. ; 15
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Fetal growth restriction is among the most common and complex problems in modern obstetrics. Symphysis-fundus (SF) height measurement is a non-invasive test that may help determine which women are at risk. This study is a systematic review of the literature on the accuracy of SF height measurement for the prediction of small-for-gestational-age (SGA) status at birth in unselected and low-risk pregnancies.
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| 4. |
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| 5. |
- Strandell, Annika, 1956, et al.
(författare)
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Spiralinsättning hos 0-gravida
- 2009
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Ingår i: Poster presentation på nationell konferens i Svensk Förening för obstetrik och gynekologi, Norrköping, 26-27 augusti 2009..
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 6. |
- Strandell, Johanna, 1979-
(författare)
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Drug interaction surveillance using individual case safety reports
- 2011
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Background: Drug interactions resulting in adverse drug reactions (ADRs) represent a major health problem both for individuals and society in general. Post-marketing pharmacovigilance reporting databases with compiled individual case safety reports (ICSRs) have been shown to be particularly useful in the detection of novel drug - ADR combinations, though these reports have not been fully used to detect adverse drug interactions.Aim: To explore the potential to identify drug interactions using ICSRs and to develop a method to facilitate the detection of adverse drug interaction signals in the WHO Global ICSR Database, VigiBase.Methods: All six studies included in this thesis are based on ICSRs available in VigiBase. Two studies aimed to characterise drug interactions reported in VigiBase. In the first study we examined if contraindicated drug combinations (given in a reference source of drug interactions) were reported on the individual reports in the database, and in the second study we examined the scientific literature for interaction mechanisms for drug combinations most frequently co-reported as interacting in VigiBase. Two studies were case series analyses where the individual reports were manually reviewed. The two remaining studies aimed to develop a method to facilitate detection of novel adverse drug interactions in VigiBase. One examined what information (referred to as indicators) was reported on ICSRs in VigiBase before the interactions became listed in the literature. In the second methodological study, logistic regression was used to set the relative weights of the indicators to form triage algorithms. Three algorithms (one completely data driven, one semi-automated and one based on clinical knowledge) based on pharmacological and reported clinical information and the relative reporting rate of an ADR with a drug combination were developed. The algorithms were then evaluated against a set of 100 randomly selected case series with potential adverse drug interactions. The algorithm’s performances were then evaluated among DDAs with high coefficients.Results: Drug interactions classified as contraindicated are reported on the individual reports in VigiBase, although they are not necessarily recognised as interactions when reported. The majority (113/123) of drug combinations suspected for being responsible for an ADR were established drug interactions in the literature. Of the 113 drug interactions 46 (41%) were identified as purely pharmacodynamic; 28 (25%) as pharmacokinetic; 18 (16%) were a mix of both types and for 21 (19%) the mechanism have not yet been identified. Suspicions of a drug interaction explicitly noted by the reporter are much more common for known adverse drug interactions than for drugs not known to interact. The clinical evaluation of the triage algorithms showed that 20 were already known in the literature, 30 were classified as signals and 50 as not signals. The performance of the semi-automated and the clinical algorithm were comparable. In the end the clinical algorithm was chosen. At a relevant level, 38% were of the adverse drug interactions were already known in the literature and of the remaining 80% were classified as signals for this algorithm.Conclusions: This thesis demonstrated that drug interactions can be identified in large post-marketing pharmacovigilance reporting databases. As both pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interactions were reported on ICSRs the surveillance system should aim to detect both. The proposed triage algorithm had a high performance in comparison to the disproportionality measure alone.
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| 7. |
- Strandell, Johanna, et al.
(författare)
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Key Elements in Adverse Drug Interaction Safety Signals
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Background: Effective surveillance of adverse drug interactions (a problematic drug combination resulting in an adverse drug reaction (ADR)) in large collections of individual case safety reports (ICSRs) requires a combination of expert clinical assessments and efficient algorithms. To date, most methods proposed for adverse drug interaction surveillance focus on disproportionality analysis, although a recent study proposed that the reported clinical and pharmacological information is also useful for systematic screening of adverse drug interactions. Objective: The purpose of this study is to identify and describe key elements in adverse drug interaction safety signals. Methods: Altogether 137 case reports from three previously published safety signals of suspected adverse drug interaction were re-evaluated using an operational algorithm for causality analysis of drug interactions; the Drug Interaction Probability Scale (DIPS). Reports in the WHO Global ICSR Database, VigiBase, and their corresponding original files were analysed, examining whether the DIPS elements were registered. The retrieved case information was specified as being listed in the structured fields, free text and, in total. In addition, information not covered by DIPS, such as explicit notifications of a suspected drug interaction by the reporter or the pharmacovigilance centre was also registered. Results: As expected from the data used in this analysis, the most frequently fulfilled DIPS elements were: objective evidence (such as ADR) of a drug interaction (137 cases; 100%). Other frequent elements were (ranked order) plausible time to onset (53 cases; 38%), and resolution of the ADR after terminating the drug inducing the interaction (10 cases; 7%). Ten cases (7%) fulfilled both a plausible time to onset and resolution of the ADR after stopping the drug. Positive rechallenge was only reported in 3 cases (2%). For 32 cases additional information was reported in free text in the original files that were not available in VigiBase. A suspected drug interaction was noted by the reporter in 47 original cases (35%) and more than 80% of these were assessed as a possible or probable drug interaction according to the DIPS classification. Among cases without notes of suspected interactions were 58 original reports (64%) assessed as possible (56 cases) or probable (2 cases). Conclusions: A plausible time to onset pattern and resolution of the ADR after withdrawal of the drug inducing the interaction frequently strengthened the suspected causality of a drug interaction. Particularly strong cases were those containing both these key elements. Since this information is often available in structured format, it could potentially be used to automatically highlight strong cases in firstpass screening. Finally, this analysis also demonstrated the importance of free text where particularly relevant clinically details such as timeliness, severity, resolution of the reaction after withdrawal of the drug inducing the interaction, possible alternative causes, and dosage changes are available.
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| 8. |
- Strandell, Johanna, et al.
(författare)
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Key Elements in Adverse Drug Interaction Safety Signals An Assessment of Individual Case Safety Reports
- 2013
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Ingår i: Drug Safety. - : Adis. - 0114-5916 .- 1179-1942. ; 36:1, s. 63-70
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background A large proportion of potential drug interactions are known from pre-authorization studies, but adverse drug reactions (ADRs) due to interactions (adverse drug interactions) are often first detected through astute observation in clinical practice. Individual case safety reports (ICSRs) are collected from broad patient populations and allow for the identification of groups of similar reports. Systematic screening for adverse drug interactions in ICSRs will require an understanding of which information on these reports can be suggestive of adverse drug interactions. less thanbrgreater than less thanbrgreater thanObjective The aim of the study was to identify what reported information may support the identification of drug interaction safety signals in collections of ICSRs. less thanbrgreater than less thanbrgreater thanMethods Three previously published safety signals of suspected adverse drug interactions were re-evaluated. To this end, 137 reports related to these signals were retrieved from the WHO Global ICSR Database, VigiBase (TM), and corresponding original reports were obtained from national pharmacovigilance centres. Criteria from an operational score for causality analysis of drug interactions of clinical cases, the Drug Interaction Probability Scale (DIPS), were applied to each of these reports with the aim of identifying what supportive information tends to be available in ICSRs. For three DIPS elements (plausible time course, resolution of the ADR after terminating the drug inducing the interaction without changes in affected drug therapy (positive dechallenge) and alternative causes of the reaction) we also compared the amount of information in VigiBase (TM) and in original reports, and in free text and structured data. less thanbrgreater than less thanbrgreater thanResults Commonly fulfilled DIPS elements on reports supporting an adverse drug interaction signal were plausible time course (50 reports; 36 %) and positive dechallenge (8 reports; 6 %). Alternative causes for the observed adverse reaction were observed in 72 (53 %) reports. We found limited differences between VigiBase (TM) and original reports for the structured data, although a substantial amount of additional information was available in free text in original reports. less thanbrgreater than less thanbrgreater thanConclusions Information on plausible time courses and resolution of the adverse reaction upon withdrawal of the drug suspected to have induced the interaction may be a useful element in identifying suspected adverse drug interactions from ICSRs. Of these, plausible time course is by far the most commonly reported element in the three signals studied here. Our analysis also demonstrated the importance of sharing and analysing information available in free text where relevant clinical details are often available, such as those mentioned above, along with severity and dosage changes.
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| 9. |
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| 10. |
- Strandell, Johanna, et al.
(författare)
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Pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic drug interactions reported to VigiBase, the WHO global individual case safety report database
- 2011
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Ingår i: European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0031-6970 .- 1432-1041. ; 67:6, s. 633-641
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objective Drug interactions resulting in adverse drug reactions (ADRs) represent a major health problem both for individuals and the community. Despite this, limited information is reported in the literature on the drug interaction categories responsible for causing ADRs. In the study reported here, we investigated the drug combinations most frequently co-reported as interacting in the WHO Global Individual Case Safety Report (ICSR) database, VigiBase, and categorised these according to the drug interaction mechanism. Methods Reports in which drug combinations were co-reported as interacting in at least 20 reports in VigiBase during the past 20 years were included in the study. Each drug combination was reviewed in the literature to identify the mechanism of interaction and subsequently classified as pharmacodynamic and/or pharmacokinetic reaction. Report characteristics were also analysed. Results A total of 3766 case reports of drug interactions from 47 countries were identified. Of the 123 different drug combinations reported, 113 were described in the literature to interact. The mechanism of the drug interaction was categorised as pharmacodynamic (46 combinations; 41%), pharmacokinetic (28; 25%), a combination of both types (18; 16%) and unidentified (21; 19%). Pharmacodynamic drug interactions primarily concerned pharmacological additive effects, whereas enzyme inhibition was the most frequent pharmacokinetic interaction. The combinations reviewed primarily implicated drugs such as warfarin, heparin, carbamazepine and digoxin. Conclusions Drug interactions reported in globally collected ADR reports cover both pharmacodynamic, specifically additive pharmacological effects, and pharmacokinetic mechanisms primarily accredited to the inhibition of hepatic cytochrome P450 enzymes. These ADR reports often concern serious threats to patients' safety and are particularly related to the use of high risk drugs such as warfarin and heparin.
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