| 1. |
- Avdic, H. B., et al.
(författare)
-
Reduced effects of social feedback on learning in Turner syndrome
- 2023
-
Ingår i: Scientific Reports. - : Springer Nature. - 2045-2322. ; 13:1
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Turner syndrome is a genetic condition caused by a complete or partial loss of one of the X chromosomes. Previous studies indicate that Turner syndrome is associated with challenges in social skills, but the underlying mechanisms remain largely unexplored. A possible mechanism is a reduced social influence on learning. The current study examined the impact of social and non-social feedback on learning in women with Turner syndrome (n=35) and a sex- and age-matched control group (n=37). Participants were instructed to earn points by repeatedly choosing between two stimuli with unequal probabilities of resulting in a reward. Mastering the task therefore required participants to learn through feedback which of the two stimuli was more likely to be rewarded. Data were analyzed using computational modeling and analyses of choice behavior. Social feedback led to a more explorative choice behavior in the control group, resulting in reduced learning compared to non-social feedback. No effects of social feedback on learning were found in Turner syndrome. The current study thus indicates that women with Turner syndrome may be less sensitive to social influences on reinforcement learning, than the general population.
|
|
| 2. |
- Kristjánsson, Sigurdur, 1955, et al.
(författare)
-
Urinary eosinophil protein X in children with atopic asthma: a useful marker of antiinflammatory treatment.
- 1996
-
Ingår i: The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology. - 0091-6749. ; 97:6, s. 1179-87
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Bronchial asthma is associated with elevated serum levels of eosinophil products, such as eosinophil protein X (EPX), but the occurrence in urine of this substance in patients with asthma has not previously been studied.This study was performed to clarify whether increased amounts of eosinophil granulocyte proteins in urine and serum reflect ongoing asthmatic inflammation and whether decreasing values reflect successful treatment.Twelve children with a median age of 12.5 years who had mild or moderate atopic asthma were studied for 3 months. At the time of inclusion in the study, treatment with inhaled budesonide was initiated. Nine children of the same age without atopic disease served as control subjects. Levels of EPX, eosinophil cationic protein (ECP), and myeloperoxidase in serum and in urine (urinary EPX) were determined at inclusion and then after 3 months of treatment. Spirometry was performed on the same occasions.At the time of inclusion, urinary EPX and serum ECP were significantly higher in children with atopic asthma than in the control subjects (mean, 116.4 vs 43.0 micrograms/mmol creatinine [p = 0.004] and 37.0 vs 14.8 micrograms/L [p = 0.004]). In the asthma group urinary EPX, as well as serum ECP, decreased significantly after 3 months of treatment with budesonide (116.4 to 68.4 micrograms/mmol creatinine [p = 0.005] and 37.0 to 24.0 micrograms/L [p = 0.04]). At the same time, peak expiratory flow values increased significantly in the children with asthma (76.0% to 87.8% of predicted value [p = 0.005]) but not in the control subjects (87.0% to 90.1%). In the asthma group the levels of myeloperoxidase were similar to those in the control group, both at inclusion and after 3 months.Increased urinary EPX and serum ECP levels seem to reflect active atopic asthma, whereas decreased levels after antiinflammatory treatment probably reflect normalization of airway inflammation, and indirectly, improved lung function.
|
|
| 3. |
- Jenmalm, Maria C., 1971-
(författare)
-
Development of IgG subclass antibodies to allergens in early childhood
- 1999
-
Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Background: Immune responses to allergens in young children include both Thl and Th2 like immunity, which may regulate the secretion of IgG subclass antibodies differently. The time, route and level of exposure to an allergen, as well as maternally transferred immunity, may be decisive whether sensitisation or tolerance will ensue. To study this, we established sensitive methods and investigated the development of IgG subclass antibodies to food and inhalant allergens during childhood.Material and Methods: The study group comprised a cohort of 96 children participating in a prospective study. IgG subclass antibodies to ß-lactoglobulin, ovalbumin, Bet v 1 and cat dander were analysed at birth, 6 and 18 months and 8 years by ELISA. At 8 years of age, PBMC from 55 of the children were stimulated with birch and ß-lactoglobulin. Production of IL-5, IL-6, IL-10, IL-13 and IFN-y was analysed by ELISA and expression of IL-4 and IL-9 mRNA by semiquantitative RTPCR.Results: High cord blood levels of IgG antibodies to inhalant, but not to food, allergens were associated with less development of atopy in the children during the first eight years of life. IgG subclass antibody responses to allergens were commonly detected during childhood and were largely restricted to the IgG1 subclass. The production of this opsonising and complement activating subclass was associated with Thllike immunity at 8 years of age. IgG subclass antibodies to food allergens peaked in infancy, whereas antibodies to the inhalant perennial allergen cat, but not the inhalant seasonal allergen birch, increased with age. Exposure to cow's milk during the first three months of life was associated with high IgG subclass antibodies to ß-lactoglobulin up to eight years. Exposure to cat and birch tended to be associated with high antibody levels to those allergens, whereas antibody levels to ovalbumin were not related to the introduction of egg in the diet. Atopic symptoms and the presence of positive skin prick tests and circulating IgE antibodies to allergens were associated with high levels of IgG subclass, especially Th2 associated IgG4, antibody responses to allergens. For the food allergens, the differences were mostly marked early in life. Birch induced IL-4 expression may be the major factor determining IgE antibody formation to that allergen, while allergen induced IL-5, IL-6 and IL-10 secretion in PBMC was associated with atopic symptoms.Conclusions: Maternally derived antibodies may modulate immune responses. The tolerance-inducing mechanisms in the intestinal mucosa may be less effective during the first months of life. Responses to food and inhalant allergens show different kinetics. Thl like associated IgG1 antibodies to allergens are commonly observed in both atopic and non-atopic children, whereas Th2 like associated IgG4 responses are more atopy dependent.
|
|
| 4. |
- Kristjánsson, Sigurdur, 1955, et al.
(författare)
-
Nebulised racemic adrenaline in the treatment of acute bronchiolitis in infants and toddlers.
- 1993
-
Ingår i: Archives of disease in childhood. - 1468-2044. ; 69:6, s. 650-4
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The effect of inhaled nebulised racemic adrenaline upon symptoms of acute bronchiolitis was investigated in 29 infants and toddlers aged 2-17.5 months by transcutaneous oxygen tension (TcPO2), oxygen saturation, transcutaneous carbon dioxide tension (TcPCO2), and clinical evaluation in a double blind placebo controlled study. Clinical score and TcPO2 improved significantly at 30, 45, and 60 minutes after inhalation of racemic adrenaline, with an increase in TcPO2 > or = 0.5 kPa in 72% of the children < 1 year of age. No significant improvement was observed after inhalation of placebo. No significant changes in heart rate or TcPCO2 were observed from before to after inhalation, but a small increase in mean systolic blood pressure was observed immediately and 45 minutes after racemic adrenaline inhalation. This study demonstrates that treatment with nebulised racemic adrenaline improved oxygenation and clinical signs in hospitalised children aged less than 18 months with bronchiolitis.
|
|
| 5. |
- Strannegård, C., et al.
(författare)
-
Preface
- 2023
-
Ingår i: Artificial General Intelligence. - : Springer. - 9783031334689 - 9783031334696 ; , s. v-vi
-
Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
|
|
