| 1. |
- Hermans, Kathleen, et al.
(författare)
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Land degradation and migration
- 2023
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Ingår i: Nature Sustainability. - 2398-9629. ; 6:12, s. 1503-1505
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
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| 2. |
- Olsson, Lennart, et al.
(författare)
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Land Degradation : IPCC Special Report on Climate Change, Desertification, Land 5 Degradation, Sustainable Land Management, Food Security, and 6 Greenhouse gas fluxes in Terrestrial Ecosystems
- 2019
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Ingår i: IPCC Special Report on Climate Change, Desertification, Land 5 Degradation, Sustainable Land Management, Food Security, and 6 Greenhouse gas fluxes in Terrestrial Ecosystems. ; , s. 1-1
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 3. |
- Reed, Mark, et al.
(författare)
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Policy and Governance Options for Peatlands Conservation, Restoration and Sustainable Management
- 2022
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Ingår i: Global Peatlands Assessment. - : United Nations Environment Programme. - 9789280739916 ; , s. 252-271
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In an era of high uncertainty, rapid environmental change, and increased recognition of the coupling of social and ecological systems, it is clear that there are limitations to current peatland policy and governance. As policy goals, and biophysical, social and political conditions differ between locations, the governance of peatlands needs to be tailored to each national, regional, and local context. This governance must also be adjusted for the needs and interests of the human populations and other species that depend upon these habitats. The adoption of gender-responsive approaches that take into account the needs of both women and men especially those from lower socioeconomic status, are thus crucial if we are to make progress towards environmental sustainability.This chapter reviews a range of policy and governance instruments that can halt further degradation and destruction of peatlands and facilitate their conservation, restoration and sustainable management.
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| 4. |
- Reed, Mark S., et al.
(författare)
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The future of the uplands
- 2009
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Ingår i: Land use policy. - : Elsevier Limited. - 0264-8377 .- 1873-5754. ; 26:Supplement 1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Upland areas provide UK society with many important functions, goods and services, but have experienced a number of disturbing trends and face an uncertain future. This paper outlines historic, current and future drivers of environmental, economic, socio-cultural and policy change in UK uplands, and assesses how these have affected or are likely to affect ways in which land is used and the provision of ecosystem services. Information is synthesised into scenarios summarising a range of possible futures anticipated for UK uplands to 2060 and beyond. Finally, innovations in science, technology, governance and policy are evaluated that could enable uplands to continue providing key ecosystem services under a range of scenarios. The paper concludes that many upland areas will need to be prepared for significant reductions in grazing and prescribed burning. Conversely, other areas could experience agricultural intensification, for example significant increases in grazing or an expansion of arable or bioenergy crops into upland valleys, due to anticipated increases in global demand for food and energy. These scenarios will take place in the context of climate change. Many may take place together and may interact with each other, with complex and unpredictable implications for the upland environment, economy and society. In this context, a number of advances are needed in science, technology and policy to maintain viable uplandcommunities and the future provision of ecosystem services. These may include funding for ecological and hydrological restoration via carbon offsetting or other means. It may also involve advances in ecosystem service modelling, mapping and valuation, which through stakeholder participation could facilitate more integrated rural planning. New forms of environmental governance need to be explored that can empower those interested in developing upland economies to maintain thriving upland communities, while managing the ecosystem services they provide as efficiently as possible.
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| 5. |
- Reed, Mark S., et al.
(författare)
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What is Social Learning?
- 2010
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Ingår i: Ecology and Society. - : Resilience Alliance. - 1708-3087. ; 15:4, s. 1-10
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Social learning is increasingly becoming a normative goal in natural resource management and policy. However, there remains little consensus over its meaning or theoretical basis. There are still considerable differences in understanding of the concept in the literature, including a number of articles published in Ecology & Society. Social learning is often conflated with other concepts such as participation and proenvironmental behavior, and there is often little distinction made between individual and wider social learning. Many unsubstantiated claims for social learning exist, and there is frequently confusion between the concept itself and its potential outcomes. This lack of conceptual clarity has limited our capacity to assess whether social learning has occurred, and if so, what kind of learning has taken place, to what extent, between whom, when, and how. This response attempts to provide greater clarity on the conceptual basis for social learning. We argue that to be considered social learning, a process must: (1) demonstrate that a change in understanding has taken place in the individuals involved; (2) demonstrate that this change goes beyond the individual and becomes situated within wider social units or communities of practice; and (3) occur through social interactions and processes between actors within a social network. A clearer picture of what we mean by social learning could enhance our ability to critically evaluate outcomes and better understand the processes through which social learning occurs. In this way, it may be possible to better facilitate the desired outcomes of social learning processes.
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| 6. |
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| 7. |
- Simelton, Elisabeth, 1967, et al.
(författare)
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African farmers’ perceptions of erratic rainfall
- 2011
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Ingår i: Centre for Climate change economics and policy. ; :73
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Farmers’ perceptions of how rainfall is changing is crucial in anticipating the effects of climate change, as only farmers who perceive a problem will adapt to it. However, even within the same location, people may perceive rainfall changes differently. Therefore, how can scientists, practitioners, and farmers ensure that they talk about the same rainfall changes? The overall aim of this paper is to improve the understanding of what people mean when they say rainfall is becoming more erratic. To do this we used interviews to identify farmers’ perceptions of rainfall changes from four semi-arid regions in four African countries: Botswana, Ethiopia, Ghana and Malawi, and integrated this with (daily or monthly) meteorological data to assess the perceived and actual rainfall. A conceptual rainfall matrix was designed to organise the data in terms of perceptions of onset, duration or cessation. Semi-structured interviews were used to identify factors that may confound perceptions of changes in rainfall. The matrix helped to clarify ways in which rainfall was becoming “more erratic”, in particular in identifying that increasing frequency of dry days and reduced amounts of rainfall (i.e. a meteorological definition) were behind perceptions that rainy seasons started later and finished earlier. A common perception that could not be found within meteorological data was that “rainfall used to start earlier than now”. Also, the timings of the perceived changes diverged. Perceptions that could be reproduced across datasets include “it is difficult to know when the rainy season starts”. Here, “more erratic rainfall” may refer to increasing inter-annual variability in the timing of onsets (using an agronomic definition), which resulted in less predictable rainy seasons. Factors confounding perceptions of rainfall include (lack of and existing) institutional support that prevent farmers from responding at the onset of the rainy season, as well as a lack of words to express variability and change. We introduce “access droughts” to denote crop failures that result from institutional support that leads to maladaptation strategies and increased sensitivity of the agricultural system. Access droughts are sometimes mistaken (by farmers, scientists, extension, policy makers etc.) for agronomic or meteorological droughts. The research suggests that top-down climate impact scenarios need to be grounded with farmers’ and extension workers’ understandings of how weather is changing more carefully in order to improve policy implementation. The graphs presented
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