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- Cariboni Killander, Carla, et al.
(författare)
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A New Look on Ekphrasis : an Eye-tracking Experiment on a Cinematic Example
- 2014
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Ingår i: Ekphrasis. Images, Cinema, Theatre. Media. - : Universitatea Babes-Bolyai. - 2067-631X. ; 12:2, s. 10-31
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Taking the modern definition of ekphrasis as a verbal representation of a work of art as a starting point, we try to broaden it in this contribution. We agree with intermediality theorist Lars Elleström that ekphrasis falls into the category of “media representation”, defined as the representation of a source medium in a target medium. We argue that the target medium does not need to be a verbal one and what matters is the energeia, the vividness of the description, leading in turn to enargeia, a vivid image in the mind of the receiver. The energeia-enargeia relation is an aspect that is often neglected in modern theoretical debates about ekphrasis. We believe that there cannot be ekphrasis without a description making the receiver “see” the object with his/her inner eye. At the same time, following Seymour Chatman and Werner Wolf, we argue that description is not a prerogative of the verbal medium and that even the cinematic medium can describe, using different strategies. In the second part of this contribution, these hypotheses are tested empirically with the help of the eye-tracking technique. A short sequence of Christian Petzold’s film Barbara (2012), which constitutes an example of cinematic ekphrasis, is shown to thirty-three participants. The evidence gathered from the recording of their eye-movements confirms the relevance of the energeia-enargeia relation: the eye activity increases at some particular points of the sequence, points corresponding to the descriptive activity of the camera. Ekphrasis is thus a kind of embodied experience.
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| 4. |
- Strukelj, Alexander, et al.
(författare)
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One page of text : Eye movements during regular and thorough reading, skimming, and spell checking
- 2018
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Ingår i: Journal of Eye Movement Research. - : University of Bern. - 1995-8692. ; 11:1, s. 1-22
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Eye movements during regular reading, thorough reading, skimming, and spell checking of single pages of text were measured, to investigate how high-level reading tasks elicited by instructions affect reading behavior. Word frequency and word length effects were found. All results were compared to regular reading. Thorough reading involved longer total reading times and more rereading, and resulted in higher comprehension scores. Skimming involved longer saccades, shorter average fixation durations, more word skipping, shorter total reading times evenly distributed across the page, and resulted in lower comprehension scores. Spell checking involved shorter saccades, longer average fixation durations, less word skipping, longer total reading times evenly distributed across the entire page, and resulted in lower comprehension scores. Replicating local effects shows that paragraphs maintain sufficient experimental rigor, while also enabling reading anal-yses from a global perspective. Compared to regular reading, thorough reading was more elaborate and less uniform, skimming was faster and more uniform, and spell checking was slower and more uniform.
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| 6. |
- Strukelj, Alexander
(författare)
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Reading expectations : How expectations influence our reading, eye movements, opinions, and judgments
- 2018
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The way we view the world is constantly affected by our expectations. The aim of this book is to determine how expectations affect the way we read. This will help us better understand how we process information, and how our expectations may change the way we read. The research is situated in experimental pragmatics and reading research. Instructions, headlines, and semantic incongruities are used to manipulate and contradict what people expect from what they read, revealing how their “default settings” operate. The methods of investigation are eye tracking, to measure people’s eye movements during reading, and self-reports of opinions and judgments.This book presents a series of studies. It was found that when people expect to read about controversial topics, they tend to retain their opinions after they read the texts, but not when they expect neutral topics. Also, when people expect to read positive or negative texts, they change their opinions in line with the expected bias of the text if they do not feel strongly about the topic. Further, it was found that when people have strong opinions regarding a topic, they read the text more thoroughly, but are not as interested in the conclusions compared to people with weak opinions. People with a higher degree of openness are more interested in reading conclusions of texts, and people with lower openness are less interested in them. However, for people with weak opinions about texts they expect to agree with, the opposite pattern was found. The subsequent studies were then based on the fact that people generally assume that text and sentences are free of errors. This assumption makes them sometimes fail to detect an incongruity, and instead see the word they expect to see. The semantic incongruities were created by substituting words with their antonyms—for example, good with bad. It was found that both successful and failed detection of semantic incongruities affect the reading process in texts and sentences expected to be free of errors, with people returning to the incongruent word with their eyes more frequently, and spending more time on it compared to the congruent (correct) version in both cases. This demonstrates the presence of language processing independent of awareness, and highlights its importance during reading. Finally, sentences expected to originate from “less-respected” news sources result in lower acceptability judgments compared to sentences expected to originate from “well-respected” news sources, even though they in actual fact are identical. Semantic incongruities, however, do not affect sentence judgments. People judge the language usage as being poorer when expecting sentences from “less-respected” news sources, and better when expecting sentences from “well-respected” news sources, but cannot specifically see the poor language usage in incongruent sentences unless they spend some time thinking about it.In sum, the main take-home message is that expectations affect many aspects of the way people read. When reading an incongruent word in a text expected to be free of errors, people’s eye movements are affected even when they do not explicitly react to the error. When people with low openness read texts expected to agree with their opinions, their eye movements are affected. When reading about topics expected to be controversial, and when reading texts expected to have evaluative bias, people’s opinions are affected. Finally, when expecting sentences from less-respected or well-respected news sources, people judge the language usage as poorer in the sentences from less-respected news sources.
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| 8. |
- Strukelj, Alexander, et al.
(författare)
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Social context modulates basic properties of oculomotor control
- 2016
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Ingår i: Journal of Eye Movement Research. - : University of Bern. - 1995-8692. ; 9:2, s. 1-8
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Experiments performed in a lab are often considered generali- zable over both people and social settings. The problems with generalizing over different groups of people are well known, but it is only recently that changes in behavior depending on thesocial setting have been examined. Large changes in behavior can be seen in trivial cognitive tasks, depending on whether the participant is alone or if other people are present. However, there are very few studies which have measured eye move- ments in social settings. In this paper, we used the antisaccade task to test whether basic parameters of oculomotor control are sensitive to the size of an experimental group. 70 participants conducted 48 antisaccade trials in groups of one to seven people in a classroom equipped with multiple eye trackers. The results show that for horizontal saccades, but not for vertical saccades, participants make significantly more antisaccade errors when the group size become larger. The group size did however not significantly predict a change in antisaccade latency. These results are in line with a number of recent studies on social attention showing that the mere presence of other people in the room can modulate several aspects of performance, and show that behavior in a lab might not be easily generalizable to everyday life or social situations. Finally, from a methodological viewpoint, the results show that the group size should be considered when testing participants in a social setting.
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