| 1. |
- Acosta Navarro, Juan Camilo, et al.
(författare)
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Amplification of Arctic warming by past air pollution reductions in Europe
- 2016
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Ingår i: Nature Geoscience. - : Nature Publishing Group. - 1752-0894 .- 1752-0908. ; 9:4, s. 277-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Arctic region is warming considerably faster than the rest of the globe(1), with important consequences for the ecosystems(2) and human exploration of the region(3). However, the reasons behind this Arctic amplification are not entirely clear(4). As a result of measures to enhance air quality, anthropogenic emissions of particulate matter and its precursors have drastically decreased in parts of the Northern Hemisphere over the past three decades(5). Here we present simulations with an Earth system model with comprehensive aerosol physics and chemistry that show that the sulfate aerosol reductions in Europe since 1980 can potentially explain a significant fraction of Arctic warming over that period. Specifically, the Arctic region receives an additional 0.3Wm(-2) of energy, and warms by 0.5 degrees C on annual average in simulations with declining European sulfur emissions in line with historical observations, compared with a model simulation with fixed European emissions at 1980 levels. Arctic warming is amplified mainly in fall and winter, but the warming is initiated in summer by an increase in incoming solar radiation as well as an enhanced poleward oceanic and atmospheric heat transport. The simulated summertime energy surplus reduces sea-ice cover, which leads to a transfer of heat from the Arctic Ocean to the atmosphere. We conclude that air quality regulations in the Northern Hemisphere, the ocean and atmospheric circulation, and Arctic climate are inherently linked.
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| 2. |
- Acosta Navarro, Juan Camilo, et al.
(författare)
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Global emissions of terpenoid VOCs from terrestrial vegetation in the last millennium
- 2014
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Ingår i: Journal of Geophysical Research - Atmospheres. - : Wiley-Blackwell. - 2169-897X .- 2169-8996. ; 119:11, s. 6867-6885
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We investigated the millennial variability (1000 A.D.-2000 A.D.) of global biogenic volatile organic compound (BVOC) emissions by using two independent numerical models: The Model of Emissions of Gases and Aerosols from Nature (MEGAN), for isoprene, monoterpene, and sesquiterpene, and Lund-Potsdam-Jena-General Ecosystem Simulator (LPJ-GUESS), for isoprene and monoterpenes. We found the millennial trends of global isoprene emissions to be mostly affected by land cover and atmospheric carbon dioxide changes, whereas monoterpene and sesquiterpene emission trends were dominated by temperature change. Isoprene emissions declined substantially in regions with large and rapid land cover change. In addition, isoprene emission sensitivity to drought proved to have significant short-term global effects. By the end of the past millennium MEGAN isoprene emissions were 634 TgC yr-1 (13% and 19% less than during 1750-1850 and 1000-1200, respectively), and LPJ-GUESS emissions were 323 TgC yr-1(15% and 20% less than during 1750-1850 and 1000-1200, respectively). Monoterpene emissions were 89 TgC yr-1(10% and 6% higher than during 1750-1850 and 1000-1200, respectively) in MEGAN, and 24 TgC yr-1 (2% higher and 5% less than during 1750-1850 and 1000-1200, respectively) in LPJ-GUESS. MEGAN sesquiterpene emissions were 36 TgC yr-1(10% and 4% higher than during 1750-1850 and 1000-1200, respectively). Although both models capture similar emission trends, the magnitude of the emissions are different. This highlights the importance of building better constraints on VOC emissions from terrestrial vegetation.
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| 3. |
- Austin, John, et al.
(författare)
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Chemistry-climate model simulations of spring Antarctic ozone
- 2010
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Ingår i: Journal of Geophysical Research. - 0148-0227 .- 2156-2202. ; 115, s. D00M11-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Coupled chemistry-climate model simulations covering the recent past and continuing throughout the 21st century have been completed with a range of different models. Common forcings are used for the halogen amounts and greenhouse gas concentrations, as expected under the Montreal Protocol (with amendments) and Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change A1b Scenario. The simulations of the Antarctic ozone hole are compared using commonly used diagnostics: the minimum ozone, the maximum area of ozone below 220 DU, and the ozone mass deficit below 220 DU. Despite the fact that the processes responsible for ozone depletion are reasonably well understood, a wide range of results is obtained. Comparisons with observations indicate that one of the reasons for the model underprediction in ozone hole area is the tendency for models to underpredict, by up to 35%, the area of low temperatures responsible for polar stratospheric cloud formation. Models also typically have species gradients that are too weak at the edge of the polar vortex, suggesting that there is too much mixing of air across the vortex edge. Other models show a high bias in total column ozone which restricts the size of the ozone hole (defined by a 220 DU threshold). The results of those models which agree best with observations are examined in more detail. For several models the ozone hole does not disappear this century but a small ozone hole of up to three million square kilometers continues to occur in most springs even after 2070.
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| 4. |
- Berger, Marit, et al.
(författare)
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Pristine aerosol concentrations, cloud droplet size and early Holocene climate
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This work investigates how the simulated early Holocene climate is influenced by the representation of aerosols and their effect on the climate. The representations of the direct and first indirect aerosol effects in the Community Earth System Model, version1 (CESM1) are modified in two sensitivity experiments.In the first sensitivity experiment (CESM 9k R14), the first indirect effect on the simulated climate is modified by setting the cloud droplet effective radius, (Reff ) in the model to a constant value. This value is chosen to be representative for pristine conditions. In the second sensitivity experiment (CESM 9k CAMO), the representation of both the direct and first indirect effects is modified. An atmosphere-only model with interactive aerosols is used to simulate the early Holocene aerosol loading and the change in Reff due to the decrease in atmospheric aerosols.The changes in aerosol effects introduced in the two sensitivity experiments differ both in magnitude and spatial pattern. We find that despite the difference in the spatial pattern of the changes in the aerosol effects, the warming patterns in the two sensitivity experiments are similar; the surface temperature increases in both simulations, with an enhanced warming in the Arctic region. The warming is approximately twice as large in the CESM 9k R14 simulation than in the CESM 9k CAMO simulation.
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| 5. |
- Bromley, T., et al.
(författare)
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Shipboard measurements and modeling of the distribution of CH4 and (CH4)-C-13 in the western Pacific
- 2012
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Ingår i: Journal of Geophysical Research. - 0148-0227 .- 2156-2202. ; 117, s. D04307-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We present observations of methane (CH4) mixing ratio and C-13/C-12 isotopic ratios in CH4 (delta C-13) data from a collaborative shipboard project using bulk carrier ships sailing between Nelson, New Zealand, and Osaka, Japan, in the western Pacific Ocean. Measurements of the CH4 mixing ratio and delta C-13 in CH4 were obtained from large clean-air samples collected in each 2.5 degrees to 5 degrees of latitude between 30 degrees S and 30 degrees N on eight voyages from 2004 to 2007. The data show large variations in CH4 mixing ratio in the tropical western Pacific, and data analysis suggests that these large variations are related to the positions and strengths of the South Pacific Convergence Zone and the Intertropical Convergence Zone, with variability in the sources playing a much smaller role. These measurements are compared with results from a modified version of the Unified Model (UMeth) general circulation model along two transects, one similar to the ship transects and another 18.75 degrees to the east. Although UMeth was run to a steady state with the same sources and sinks each year, the gradient structures varied considerably from year to year, supporting our conclusion that variability in transport is a major driver for the observed variations in CH4. Simulations forced with an idealized representation of the El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) suggest that a large component of the observed variability in latitudinal gradients of CH4 and its delta C-13 arises from intrinsic variability in the climate system that does not occur on ENSO time scales.
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| 6. |
- Ekman, Annica M. L., et al.
(författare)
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Can an influence of changing aerosol emissions be detected in thepattern of surface temperature change between 1970 and 2000?
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The general circulation model CAM-Oslo was used to examine the influence of varyingaerosol and greenhouse gas emissions on the pattern of surface temperature change betweenthe years 1970 and 2000, and whether the temperature response over different regions wasgoverned by local (due to changes in energy fluxes) or far-field (due to changes in large-scale circulation) processes. Circulation changes, originating from precipitation anomaliesmainly over the west/central Pacific and off the east coast of North America, influenced asubstantial part of the northern hemisphere temperature change pattern in CAM-Oslo, inparticular over southern North America, but also over Europe and Asia. The result highlightsthe importance of better understanding zonally asymmetric precipitation changes due todifferent forcing agents. A local response in surface temperature due to net surface radiativeflux (RF) anomalies could also be detected over Europe and Asia, where the differencein all-sky net surface RF was mainly driven by aerosol- or circulation-induced changes inliquid water path and cloud cover. A local anthropogenic aerosol effect on the cloud dropletsize and subsequent short-wave (SW) RF was found over Europe and Asia, but only whenexcluding a change in the greenhouse gas concentration. For clear skies, the SW RF patternwas well-correlated with the aerosol optical depth anomalies. However, this correlation wasat least partly governed by relative humidity fluctuations. Overall, the greenhouse andaerosol effects on surface temperature were in the simulations found to be non-linear with asignificant feedback on the aerosol population from a warming climate.
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| 7. |
- Eriksson, Patrick, 1964, et al.
(författare)
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Diurnal variations of humidity and ice water content in the tropical upper troposphere
- 2010
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Ingår i: Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics. - : Copernicus GmbH. - 1680-7316 .- 1680-7324. ; 10:23, s. 11519-11533
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Observational results of diurnal variations of humidity from Odin-SMR and AURA-MLS, and cloud ice mass from Odin-SMR and CloudSat are presented for the first time. Comparisons show that the retrievals of humidity and cloud ice from these two satellite combinations are in good agreement. The retrieved data are combined from four almost evenly distributed times of the day allowing mean values, amplitudes and phases of the diurnal variations around 200 hpa to be estimated. This analysis is applied to six climatologically distinct regions, five located in the tropics and one over the subtropical northern Pacific Ocean. The strongest diurnal cycles are found over tropical land regions, where the amplitude is ∼7 RHi for humidity and ∼50% for ice mass. The greatest ice mass for these regions is found during the afternoon, and the humidity maximum is observed to lag this peak by ∼6 h. Over tropical ocean regions the variations are smaller and the maxima in both ice mass and humidity are found during the early morning. Observed results are compared with output from three climate models (ECHAM, EC-EARTH and CAM3). Direct measurement-model comparisons were not possible because the measured and modelled cloud ice masses represent different quantities. To make a meaningful comparison, the amount of snow had to be estimated from diagnostic parameters of the models. There is a high probability that the models underestimate the average ice mass (outside the 1-σ uncertainty). The models also show clear deficiencies when it comes to amplitude and phase of the regional variations, but to varying degrees. © 2010 Author(s).
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| 8. |
- Fouilloux, Anne, et al.
(författare)
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Building on Communities to Further Software Sustainability
- 2023
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Ingår i: Computing in science & engineering (Print). - : IEEE COMPUTER SOC. - 1521-9615 .- 1558-366X. ; 25:3, s. 84-88
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Nordic e-Infrastructure Collaboration on Earth System Modeling Tools is a small community comprising members with diverse backgrounds, skills, and interests. Largely dependent on temporary staff to develop, operate, and maintain large scientific codes, this community devised strategies to enhance software reusability and sustainability. These strategies include collaborating with other communities for support, adopting Open Science as well as findable, accessible, interoperable, and reusable principles to optimize resource usage, growing essential knowledge within the community, and setting up a community of practice to facilitate onboarding and offboarding. The strategies also promote inclusiveness, foster external collaboration, and recognize technical contributions.
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| 9. |
- Glantz, Paul, et al.
(författare)
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Remote sensing of aerosols in the Arctic for an evaluation of global climate model simulations
- 2014
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Ingår i: Journal of Geophysical Research - Atmospheres. - : Wiley-Blackwell. - 2169-897X .- 2169-8996. ; 119:13, s. 8169-8188
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this study Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Aqua retrievals of aerosol optical thickness (AOT) at 555 nm are compared to Sun photometer measurements from Svalbard for a period of 9 years. For the 642 daily coincident measurements that were obtained, MODIS AOT generally varies within the predicted uncertainty of the retrieval over ocean (Delta AOT = +/- 0.03 +/- 0.05 . AOT). The results from the remote sensing have been used to examine the accuracy in estimates of aerosol optical properties in the Arctic, generated by global climate models and from in situ measurements at the Zeppelin station, Svalbard. AOT simulated with the Norwegian Earth System Model/Community Atmosphere Model version 4 Oslo global climate model does not reproduce the observed seasonal variability of the Arctic aerosol. The model overestimates clear-sky AOT by nearly a factor of 2 for the background summer season, while tending to underestimate the values in the spring season. Furthermore, large differences in all-sky AOT of up to 1 order of magnitude are found for the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 5 model ensemble for the spring and summer seasons. Large differences between satellite/ground-based remote sensing of AOT and AOT estimated from dry and humidified scattering coefficients are found for the subarctic marine boundary layer in summer.
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| 10. |
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