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- Melin, Anna K., Assistant Professor, 1965-, et al.
(författare)
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Energy availability and the female athlete triad in elite endurance athletes
- 2015
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Ingår i: Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports. - : Wiley-Blackwell. - 0905-7188 .- 1600-0838. ; 25:5, s. 610-622
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The female athlete triad (Triad), links low energy availability (EA), with menstrual dysfunction (MD), and impaired bone health. The aims of this study were to examine associations between EA/MD and energy metabolism and the prevalence of Triad-associated conditions in endurance athletes. Forty women [26.2 +/- 5.5 years, body mass index (BMI) 20.6 +/- 2.0 kg/m(2), body fat 20.0 +/- 3.0%], exercising 11.4 +/- 4.5 h/week, were recruited from national teams and competitive clubs. Protocol included gynecological examination; assessment of bone health; indirect respiratory calorimetry; diet and exercise measured 7 days to assess EA; eating disorder (ED) examination; blood analysis. Subjects with low/reduced EA (< 45 kcal/kg FFM/day), had lower resting metabolic rate (RMR) compared with those with optimal EA [28.4 +/- 2.0 kcal/kg fat-free mass (FFM)/day vs 30.5 +/- 2.2 kcal/kg FFM/day, P < 0.01], as did subjects with MD compared with eumenorrheic subjects (28.6 +/- 2.4 kcal/kg FFM/day vs 30.2 +/- 1.8 kcal/kg FFM/day, P < 0.05). 63% had low/reduced EA, 25% ED, 60% MD, 45% impaired bone health, and 23% had all three Triad conditions. 53% had low RMR, 25% hypercholesterolemia, and 38% hypoglycemia. Conclusively, athletes with low/reduced EA and/or MD had lowered RMR. Triad-associated conditions were common in this group of athletes, despite a normal BMI range. The high prevalence of ED, MD, and impaired bone health emphasizes the importance of prevention, early detection, and treatment of energy deficiency.
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| 2. |
- Bratland-Sanda, S., et al.
(författare)
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Physical activity in treatment units for eating disorders : Clinical practice and attitudes
- 2009
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Ingår i: Eating and Weight Disorders. - 1124-4909 .- 1590-1262. ; 14:2-3, s. E106-E112
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- OBJECTIVE: Physical activity (PA) in eating disorders (ED) may be harmful, but in a therapeutic setting also beneficial. The purpose of this survey was to examine these contradictory aspects of PA in ED specialist treatment settings. We examined whether 1) PA is assessed by the unit, 2) the units have guidelines for managing excessive PA, 3) the units have staff with higher education and special competence in PA and exercise science, 4) how units regard PA in ED, 5) whether regular PA is integrated in the treatment programs, and 6) how the units rate the role of PA in the treatment of ED compared with other mental disorders. METHODS: Of the 49 units located in Scandinavia and the United Kingdom, 41 (84%) responded to a questionnaire. RESULTS: In 28 units (68%) PA was assessed regularly. Excessive PA was considered a harmful symptom in ED, and most units reported guidelines to manage excessive PA. Thirty-two units included PA in their treatment programmes. Clinicians found PA most relevant in the treatment of obesity and, except for binge eating, less for ED. CONCLUSION: PA was more commonly integrated in treatment compared to previous studies. Future research should address how to manage excessive PA, and the potential beneficial role of PA in the treatment of ED. (Eating Weight Disord. 14: e106-e112, 2009). (C) 2009, Editrice Kurtis
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| 3. |
- Fahrenholtz, I. L., et al.
(författare)
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Within-day energy deficiency and reproductive function in female endurance athletes
- 2018
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Ingår i: Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports. - : Wiley-Blackwell. - 0905-7188 .- 1600-0838. ; 28:3, s. 1139-1146
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We aimed to estimate and compare within-day energy balance (WDEB) in athletes with eumenorrhea and menstrual dysfunction (MD) with similar 24-hour energy availability/energy balance (EA/EB). Furthermore, to investigate whether within-day energy deficiency is associated with resting metabolic rate (RMR), body composition, S-cortisol, estradiol, T-3, and fasting blood glucose. We reanalyzed 7-day dietary intake and energy expenditure data in 25 elite endurance athletes with eumenorrhea (n=10) and MD (n=15) from a group of 45 subjects where those with disordered eating behaviors (n=11), MD not related to low EA (n=5), and low dietary record validity (n=4) had been excluded. Besides gynecological examination and disordered eating evaluation, the protocol included RMR measurement; assessment of body composition by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, blood plasma analysis, and calculation of WDEB in 1-hour intervals. Subjects with MD spent more hours in a catabolic state compared to eumenorrheic athletes; WDEB<0kcal: 23.0hour (20.8-23.4) vs 21.1hour (4.7-22.3), P=.048; WDEB<-300kcal: 21.8hour (17.8-22.4) vs 17.6hour (3.9-20.9), P=.043, although similar 24-hour EA: 35.6 (11.6) vs 41.3 (12.7) kcal/kg FFM/d, (P=.269), and EB: -659 (551) vs -313 (596) kcal/d, (P=.160). Hours with WDEB <0kcal and <-300kcal were inversely associated with RMRratio (r=-.487, P=.013, r=-.472, P=.018), and estradiol (r=-.433, P=.034, r=-.516, P=.009), and positively associated with cortisol (r=.442, P=.027, r=.463, P=.019). In conclusion, although similar 24-hour EA/EB, the reanalysis revealed that MD athletes spent more time in a catabolic state compared to eumenorrheic athletes. Within-day energy deficiency was associated with clinical markers of metabolic disturbances.
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| 4. |
- Melin, Anna K., Assistant Professor, 1965-, et al.
(författare)
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Low-energy density and high fiber intake are dietary concerns in female endurance athletes
- 2016
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Ingår i: Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports. - : Wiley-Blackwell. - 0905-7188 .- 1600-0838. ; 26:9, s. 1060-1071
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Low or reduced energy availability (LEA) is linked to functional hypothalamic oligomenorrhea/amenorrhea (FHA), which is frequently reported in weight-sensitive sports. This makes LEA a major nutritional concern for female athletes. The aim of this study was to describe dietary characteristics of athletes with LEA and/or FHA. Endurance athletes (n=45) were recruited from national teams and competitive clubs. Protocols included gynecological examination, body composition, eating disorder evaluation, and 7-day dietary intake and EA assessment. Athletes with disordered eating behavior/eating disorders (n=11), menstrual dysfunction other than FHA (n=5), and low dietary record validity (n=4) were excluded. Remaining subjects (n=25) were characterized by EA [optimal:45kcal (188kJ)/kg fat-free mass (FFM)/day (n=11), LEA:<45kcal (188kJ)/kg FFM/day (n=14)] and reproductive function [eumenorrhea (EUM; n=10), FHA (n=15)]. There was no difference in EA between FHA and EUM subjects. However, FHA and LEA subjects shared the same dietary characteristics of lower energy density (ED) [(P=0.012; P=0.020), respectively], and fat content [(P=0.047; P=0.027), respectively]. Furthermore, FHA subjects had a lower intake of carbohydrate-rich foods (P=0.019), higher fiber content (P<0.001), and drive for thinness score (P=0.003). Conclusively, low ED together with high fiber content may constitute targets for dietary intervention in order to prevent and treat LEA and FHA in female athletes.
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| 9. |
- Nowicka, Paulina, et al.
(författare)
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Eating disorders in Swedish female elite athletes – coaches’ knowledge and practice in identification and management
- 2004
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Ingår i: SVEBIS årsbok. Aktuell beteendevetenskaplig idrottsforskning 2004. - 0284-4672.
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The issue of weight preoccupation and eating disorders are receiving growing interest in the sport environment. Success in some sports requires an extremely lean appearance, which may lead to pressure from coaches and parents to be thin. Other sports use weight classifications that determine in which group an athlete will compete, requiring him/her to drop several kilos before competition. The aim of the study was to investigate the coaches’ role in identification and management of eating disorders in elite female athletes. Eighteen elite coaches representing three sport groups were interviewed: aesthetic sports (n=5), weight class sports (n=7) and endurance sports (n=6). Mean coaching experience was 17 years. The results of this study revealed that coaches’ knowledge of symptoms of eating disorders was limited, especially bulimia. Many coaches considered knowledge of eating disorders as the least important skill in relation to nutrition and weight regulation.
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