| 1. |
- Andersson, Anna, et al.
(författare)
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Styrmedel för minskad antibiotikaanvändning
- 2022
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Rapport (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- Antibiotikaresistens innebär att bakterier blir motståndskraftiga mot antibiotika. Det är ett växande globalt problem eftersom möjligheten att behandla och bota infektioner minskar i takt med att antibiotikaresistensen ökar. En av orsakerna till resistensproblematiken är felaktig användning av antibiotika vid djuruppfödning. Exempelvis ges antibiotika inte endast vid behov utan i tillväxtbefrämjande eller förbyggande syfte till djur på många håll i världen. I EU är detta dock inte tillåtet och Sverige anses ha en ansvarsfull antibiotikaanvändning ur ett internationellt perspektiv.Det är önskvärt att minska onödig antibiotikaanvändning inom djurhållningen i utlandet, dvs. antibiotikaanvändning som inte är nödvändig ur ett djurvälfärdsperspektiv. Den här rapporten undersöker om det är möjligt att styra den svenska konsumtionen mot produkter som är producerade med ansvarsfull antibiotikaanvändning och därigenom ge incitament till producenter i utlandet att minska sin antibiotikaanvändning.
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| 2. |
- Andersson, Henrik, et al.
(författare)
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Willingness to Pay and QALYs: What Can We Learn about Valuing Foodborne Risk?
- 2015
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Ingår i: Journal of Agricultural Economics. - : Wiley. - 1477-9552 .- 0021-857X. ; 66:3, s. 727-752
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper examines the value of reducing foodborne risk. Previous research on the valuation of health risk has been dominated by the study of mortality risk. However, in most cases foodborne illnesses are non-fatal, so we focus on individuals' preferences for reducing morbidity risk, while also including a realistic, if remote, chance of death. We use a contingent valuation method on a Swedish sample and we estimate a value of a statistical illness consistent with previous findings in the literature. We also examine how willingness to pay (WTP) varies with the expected change in quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) and estimate the WTP per QALY. We find that WTP increases with, though less than proportionally to, a change in QALYs. However, our results also suggest that respondents may have found it difficult to evaluate compound risks of both morbidity and mortality simultaneously.
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| 3. |
- Andersson, Henrik, et al.
(författare)
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Willingness to pay for car safety : sensitivity to time framing
- 2008
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Stated preference (SP) surveys attempt to obtain monetary values for non-market goods that reflect individuals "true" preferences. Numerous empirical studies suggest that monetary values from SP studies are sensitive to survey design and so may not reflect respondents' true preferences. This study examines the effect of time framing on respondents' willingness to pay (WTP) for car safety. We explore how WTP per unit risk reduction depends on the time period over which respondents pay and face reduced risk. Using data from a Swedish contingent valuation survey, we find that WTP is sensitive to time framing; estimates based on an annual scenario are about 30 to 70 percent higher than estimates from a monthly scenario.
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| 4. |
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| 5. |
- Gustafsson, Stefan, et al.
(författare)
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Markers of imminent myocardial infarction
- 2024
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Ingår i: Nature Cardiovascular Research. - : Springer Nature. - 2731-0590.
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Myocardial infarction is a leading cause of death globally but is notoriously difficult to predict. We aimed to identify biomarkers of an imminent first myocardial infarction and design relevant prediction models. Here, we constructed a new case–cohort consortium of 2,018 persons without prior cardiovascular disease from six European cohorts, among whom 420 developed a first myocardial infarction within 6 months after the baseline blood draw. We analyzed 817 proteins and 1,025 metabolites in biobanked blood and 16 clinical variables. Forty-eight proteins, 43 metabolites, age, sex and systolic blood pressure were associated with the risk of an imminent first myocardial infarction. Brain natriuretic peptide was most consistently associated with the risk of imminent myocardial infarction. Using clinically readily available variables, we devised a prediction model for an imminent first myocardial infarction for clinical use in the general population, with good discriminatory performance and potential for motivating primary prevention efforts.
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| 6. |
- Hansdotter, Frida I., et al.
(författare)
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The incidence of acute gastrointestinal illness in Sweden
- 2015
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Ingår i: Scandinavian Journal of Public Health. - : SAGE Publications. - 1651-1905 .- 1403-4948. ; 43:5, s. 540-547
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Aims: The aim of this study was to estimate the self-reported domestic incidence of acute gastrointestinal illness in the Swedish population irrespective of route of transmission or type of pathogen causing the disease. Previous studies in Sweden have primarily focused on incidence of acute gastrointestinal illness related to consumption of contaminated food and drinking water. Methods: In May 2009, we sent a questionnaire to 4000 randomly selected persons aged 0-85 years, asking about the number of episodes of stomach disease during the last 12 months. To validate the data on symptoms, we compared the study results with anonymous queries submitted to a Swedish medical website. Results: The response rate was 64%. We estimated that a total number of 2744,778 acute gastrointestinal illness episodes (95% confidence intervals 2475,641-3013,915) occurred between 1 May 2008 and 30 April 2009. Comparing the number of reported episodes with web queries indicated that the low number of episodes during the first 6 months was an effect of seasonality rather than recall bias. Further, the result of the recall bias analysis suggested that the survey captured approximately 65% of the true number of episodes among the respondents. Conclusions: The estimated number of Swedish acute gastrointestinal illness cases in this study is about five times higher than previous estimates. This study provides valuable information on the incidence of gastrointestinal symptoms in Sweden, irrespective of route of transmission, indicating a high burden of acute gastrointestinal illness, especially among children, and large societal costs, primarily due to production losses.
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| 7. |
- Helene, Wahlström, et al.
(författare)
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Estimation of the Expected Change in Domestic Human Salmonella Cases in Sweden in 2010, Given a Hypothetical Relaxation of the Current Salmonella Control Programme.
- 2014
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Ingår i: PLoS ONE. - : Public Library of Science (PLoS). - 1932-6203. ; 9:3
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Swedish salmonella control programme has been very successful in reducing the number of salmonella infections in both humans and animals. However, the costs for the control have increased and it has thus been questioned if the control measures could be relaxed and, if so, what effect this would have on human and animal health. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the expected effects on human health of a relaxation of the Swedish control i.e. a substitution of the present programme with a programme similar to the ones present in Denmark or the Netherlands. Data from the year 2010 was used to illustrate this. It was assumed that the domestic exposure to salmonella would then become the same in Sweden as it was in Denmark or the Netherlands in that year. As official statistics on the number of reported salmonella cases are not comparable across European countries, data from five different sources were used to try to obtain comparable estimates of the domestic salmonella exposure in the three countries. The study shows that the number of reported domestic human salmonella cases in Sweden in 2010 would increase by approximately 900 to 2 400 cases in the Danish scenarios and 6 400 to 8 400 in the Dutch scenarios. Although uncertainty exists, it was concluded that the number of reported domestic salmonella cases would increase substantially in Sweden in case of a relaxation of the current control programme.
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| 8. |
- Henrik, Andersson, et al.
(författare)
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Willingness to Pay and Sensitivity to Time Framing: A Theoretical Analysis and an Application on Car Safety
- 2013
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Ingår i: Environmental and Resource Economics. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0924-6460 .- 1573-1502. ; 56:3, s. 437-456
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Stated preference (SP) surveys attempt to obtain monetary values for non-market goods that reflect individuals’ “true” preferences. Numerous empirical studies suggest that monetary values from SP studies are sensitive to survey design and so may not reflect respondents’ true preferences. This study examines the effect of time framing on respondents’ willingness to pay (WTP) for car safety. We explore how WTP per unit risk reduction depends on the time period over which respondents pay and face reduced risk in a theoretical model and by using data from a Swedish contingent valuation survey. Our theoretical model predicts the effect to be nontrivial in many scenarios used in empirical applications. In our empirical analysis we examine the sensitivity of WTP to an annual and a monthly scenario. Our theoretical model predicts the effect from the time framing to be negligible, but the empirical estimates from the annual scenario are about 70% higher than estimates from the monthly scenario.
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| 9. |
- Höjgård, Sören, et al.
(författare)
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Fler eller färre vildsvin? - en samhällsekonomisk analys
- 2022
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Rapport (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- Vildsvin är ett omdiskuterat djurslag i Sverige. Många ser dem som ett uppskattat inslag i naturen, dels som jaktbyte och dels för att de bidrar till naturupplevelser, skogstillväxt och biologisk mångfald. Samtidigt orsakar de skador på jord- och skogsbruk, villatomter och grönområden samt trafikolyckor. Dessa kostnader drabbar ofta andra än dem som anser sig dra nytta av vildsvinens existens. Under senare tid har man också diskuterat vildsvinens betydelse för spridning av Afrikansk Svinpest, en virussjukdom som för närvarande inte finns i Sverige men som skulle kunna innebära höga kostnader för svensk grisnäring om den spreds hit. En fråga är därför om den nuvarande svenska vildsvinsstammen är av lämplig storlek utifrån ett samhällsekonomiskt perspektiv.För att undersöka detta har vi sökt identifiera vilka nyttor och kostnader vildsvinen orsakar samhället. Det visar sig att kunskapsunderlaget är begränsat, särskilt för att skatta den förväntade kostnaden av ett utbrott av Afrikansk Svinpest. Även utan hänsyn till kostnader för ett eventuellt utbrott av Afrikansk Svinpest tyder resultaten emellertid på att samhällets kostnad för ytterligare ett vildsvin, marginalkostnaden, är högre än samhällets nytta av ytterligare ett vildsvin, marginalnyttan, givet den nuvarande stammens storlek. Samhällets välfärd skulle därmed öka om stammen reducerades eftersom kostnaderna skulle minska mer än nyttan. Resultaten anger dock inte hur mycket den bör minska då det saknas data för att skatta marginalnyttor och marginalkostnader vid olika storlekar på vildsvinsstammen.
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| 10. |
- Höjgård, Sören, et al.
(författare)
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Willingness to pay for compulsory deworming of pets entering Sweden to prevent introduction of Echinoccoccus multilocularis
- 2012
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Ingår i: Preventive Veterinary Medicine. - : Elsevier BV. - 0167-5877 .- 1873-1716. ; 106:1, s. 9-23
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- To investigate if the Swedish entry rules for pets to prevent the introduction of Echinococcus multilocularis (EM) are proportional (i.e. that their costs do not exceed the value of their benefits), a dichotomous-choice contingent valuation study was conducted. The study was performed before the first case of EM was detected in Sweden in February 2011. About 5000, randomly selected, Swedish citizens were invited to participate and 2192 of them (44%) accepted to do so. Missing information on whether or not one would accept to pay for keeping the rules for 143 respondents resulted in 2049 observations (41%) available for the estimation of willingness to pay (WTP), and missing information on personal characteristics for another 274 respondents reduced the number of observations available for sensitivity analysis to 1775(36%). Annual expected WTP for keeping the rules ranged between (sic) 54.3 and (sic) 99.0 depending on assumptions about compensations demanded by respondents not willing to pay. The estimates are conservative since only answers from respondents that were absolutely certain they would pay the suggested bid were regarded as yes-responses. That WTP is positive implies that Swedish citizens perceived the benefits of the rules to be larger than their costs. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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