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| 2. |
- Cianfaglione, Kevin, et al.
(författare)
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Archaic Food Uses of Large Graminoids in Agro Peligno Wetlands (Abruzzo, Central Italy) Compared With the European Ethnobotanical and Archaeological Literature
- 2022
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Ingår i: Wetlands (Wilmington, N.C.). - : Springer Nature. - 0277-5212 .- 1943-6246. ; 42:7
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Large graminoid species, which often dominate wetland ecosystems with extensive and dense formations, are among the most indicative plants from the first human settlements, where they have been used (even transformed) for various functions ranging from food, cordage, weaving and other utilities. Wetland large graminoid foraging today represents one of the rarest and most archaic customs still in existence, as they have frequently disappeared following changes in society or the disappearance of marshes. These customs have (almost) disappeared in Europe, especially in Italy, following socio-economic changes and wetland reclamation; remaining uses can generally only be found in prehistoric traces. This research in Agro Peligno documents and describes for the first time the remains of these prehistoric uses, which are related to the ancient Peligni (or Paeligni) people. The data collected in the current field study were later compared with food uses of graminoids arising from a large spectrum of archaeological, ethnobotanical, and folkloric literature from other European areas, in a large sense. Problems and outlook regarding the loss of this traditional knowledge are also briefly discussed.
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| 3. |
- de Vahl, Erik, et al.
(författare)
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"Cow Healers Use It for Both Horses and Cattle" : The Rise and Fall of the Ethnoveterinary Use of Peucedanum ostruthium (L.) Koch (fam. Apiaceae) in Sweden
- 2023
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Ingår i: PLANTS. - : MDPI. - 2223-7747. ; 12:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Masterwort, Peucedanum ostruthium (L.) Koch, is an Apiaceae species originally native to the mountain areas of central and southern Europe. Written sources show that it was used in northern Europe. This study explores the cultivation history of masterwort and its past use in Sweden. Although only few details are known about the history of this taxon, it represents a cultural relict plant of an intentionally introduced species known in Sweden as early as the Middle Ages. In Sweden, the masterwort was mainly used as an ethnoveterinary herbal remedy from the seventeenth to nineteenth centuries. However, medicinal manuals, pharmacopoeias and some ethnographical records indicate that it was once also used in remedies for humans. Today, this species remains as a living biocultural heritage in rural areas, especially on the surviving shielings, which were once used as mountain pastures in Dalecarlia, and at former crofts that were inhabited by cattle owners in the forest areas of southern Sweden.
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| 4. |
- de Vahl, Erik, et al.
(författare)
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Traditional uses and practices of edible cultivated Allium species (fam. Amaryllidaceae) in Sweden
- 2022
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Ingår i: Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine. - : Springer Nature. - 1746-4269. ; 18
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: While the utilitarian crops grown in vicarage gardens in pre-industrial Sweden have been fairly well documented, our knowledge of plants cultivated for food among the peasants and crofters is limited. Nevertheless, garden vegetables and herbs played a much more important role in the diet of the rural population from a nutritional point of view than, say, wild plants, at least in the southern part of the country. This study aims to explore the importance of edible cultivated onions, Allium, and their various cultivars and old landraces that were once-and in some cases still are-grown in home gardens.Methods: This study is based on documentation collected from national surveys carried out by the Swedish National Programme for Diversity of Cultivated Plants (POM), and from an intense search for references to the cultivation and use of carious onions in the historic garden literature, herbals and ethnographic records found in responses to folklife questionnaires.Results: The rural population in pre-industrial Sweden cultivated various kinds of bulb onions. They are known under various folk names, although their taxonomic affiliation has been unclear. Many folk taxa have been classified and named by their use, while other names refer to the practices associated with the cultivation system. These onions were often described as especially well suited for storage over winter. Onions have had a wide range of uses in Sweden. In some parts of Sweden, onions were eaten during church service in order to keep the churchgoers awake. Several types of onion have commonly been used as condiments in pickled herring dishes, spreads, sauces, foods made of blood and offal, dumplings, meat dishes and soups. Garlic was used for medicinal and magical purposes, as well as for ethnoveterinary medicine. Onion skins have traditionally been used for dyeing eggs at Easter.Conclusion: Genetic diversity of vegetables and garden crops represents a critical resource to achieve and maintain global food security. Therefore, ethnobiologists studying agricultural societies should place more focus on old landraces, cultivars and cultivation practices in order to understand the importance of garden crops for a society. They are an important element of sustainability.
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| 5. |
- Hällzon, Patrick, 1972-, et al.
(författare)
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Ethnobotany and Utilization of the Oleaster, Elaeagnus angustifolia L. (fam. Elaeagnaceae), in Eastern Turkestan
- 2022
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Ingår i: Orientalia Suecana. - : Uppsala University. - 0078-6578 .- 2001-7324. ; 71, s. 38-61
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Documentation of the utilization of trees among Turkic-speaking communities in Eastern Turkestan is sparse. This article explores the Elaeagnus angustifolia L. which historically had numerous functions and uses among Eastern Turkestani sedentary Muslims and which still plays an important role in the day-to-day life of Uyghurs.This tree, with the local name jigdä, provides a number of ecosystem services in the region, including provisional (food, energy, raw materials), ornamental (healing), regulating (prevention of soilerosion), and cultural (language expressions, toponyms). Several semi-domesticated or domesticated tree species were cultivated in the locals’ orchards, while others were harvested in the wild.Its fruits were used as food and for preparing beverages, while some of its other parts were fed to livestock, its timber and branches became materials for charcoal, handicrafts and construction, and it also served a wide range of medicinal and cosmetic purposes. The abundance of proverbs, customs and taboos related to the tree serves as an indication of the important role it played, and continues toplay, in the day-to-day life of the local population. With such a range of properties, the jigdä tree indeed qualified as a keystone species for the population of Eastern Turkistan.
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| 6. |
- Hällzon, Patrick, 1972-, et al.
(författare)
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Fish and Fishing in Eastern Turkestan: : A Contribution To Central Asian Ethnoichthyology
- 2020
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Ingår i: International Journal of Uyghur Studies (Uluslararası Uygur Araştırmaları Dergisi). - : Uluslararasi Uygur Arastirmalari Dergisi, Adem Oger. - 2458-827X. ; 16, s. 192-214
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article provides some glimpses into the importance and many uses of fish in Eastern Turkestan in the late 19th, early 20th century and today. Apart from a few scholarly articles, mainly dealing with the Loplik and Dolan, little has been published on fish among the Turkic speaking Muslims of Eastern Turkestan. According to a common perception among foreign observers in Central Asia, the sedentary Turkic Muslims of Eastern Turkestan, i.e. contemporary Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, were underutilizing the available fish resources. Despite the fact that fishing and the local population’s knowledge about fish is poorly documented, fish seems to have been used for more than food, especially along the rivers of the region. This essay reviews the historical use and economic importance of fish in Eastern Turkestan in areas like food and traditional medicine. Other aspects discussed in the text are naming, folk taxonomy, mythology and additional facets of the importance fish among the Uyghurs today. Finally, the article will also present examples from oral literature such as folktales, proverbs, poetry, folk songs and riddles mentioning fish.
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| 7. |
- Hällzon, Patrick, 1972-, et al.
(författare)
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Making the most of scarce biological resources in the desert : Loptuq material culture in Eastern Turkestan around 1900
- 2024
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Ingår i: Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine. - : BioMed Central (BMC). - 1746-4269. ; 20:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BackgroundMost fisher-gatherer communities we know of utilized a limited number of natural resources for their livelihood. The Turkic-speaking Loptuq (exonym Loplik, Loplyk) in the Lower Tarim River basin, Taklamakan desert, Eastern Turkestan (Xinjiang), were no exception. Their habitat, the Lop Nor marsh and lake area, was surrounded by desert and very poor in plant species; the Loptuq had to make the most of a handful of available biological resources for housing, furniture, clothing and fabric, fishnets and traps, tools and other equipment. The taxa used by the Loptuq were documented by foreign explorers at the end of the nineteenth and beginning of the twentieth centuries, prior to the forced resettlement of the group in the 1950s and subsequent destruction of their language, lifestyle and culture.Methods and sourcesEthnobiology explores the relationship between humans and their environment, including the use of biological resources for different purposes. In several aspects, historical ethnobiology is more challenging; it studies this relationship in the past and therefore cannot verify results with informants. As the present study discusses an extinct culture on the basis of literary and material sources, we apply a method called source pluralism. This approach allows the inclusion and combination of a wide range of data and materials, even scraps of information from various sources, with the aim to understand phenomena which are sparsely mentioned in historical records.Travel reports by Swedish, British, German, American and Russian explorers together with linguistic data provide the most important sources for understanding Loptuq interaction with the environment and its biota. Especially the large number of toponyms and phytonyms recorded by the Swedish explorer Sven Hedin and materials from his expeditions, including voucher specimens kept in Stockholm in the herbarium of the Swedish Natural History Museum, and objects of material culture in the collections of the Ethnographical Museum, are crucial for our analysis about local knowledge among the Loptuq. Illustrations and photographs provide us with additional information.ResultsThe question of how the Loptuq managed to survive at the fringe of a desert, a marsh and a lake which changed its location, intrigued all foreign visitors to the Lop Nor. The Loptuq’s main livelihood was fishing, hunting and gathering, and their material culture provided by plants and other organic materials included their usage, consumption and trade. Only a handful of species formed the basis of the Loptuq material culture, but they had learned to use these specific plants for a variety of purposes. The most important of these were Lop hemp, Poacynum pictum (Schrenk) Baill., the riparian tree Euphrates poplar, Populus euphratica Olivier, and the aquatic common reed, Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud. Several species of tamarisk were used for fuel and building fences. A few plants were also harvested for making foodstuffs such as snacks and potherbs. In addition, the Loptuq also used fur, bird skins, down, feathers, mammal bones and fish bones for their material needs. The habitat provided cultural ecological services such as motifs for their folklore, linguistic expressions and songs, and the Loptuq engaged in small-scale bartering of plant products and furs with itinerant traders, which ensured them with a supply of metal for making tools.ConclusionThis article discusses the now extinct Loptuq material culture as it existed more than a hundred years ago, and how the scarce biological resources of their desert and marsh habitat were utilized. Loptuq adaptation strategies to the environment and local knowledge, transmitted over generations, which contributed to their survival and subsistence, were closely connected with the use of biological resources.For this study, a comprehensive approach has been adopted for the complex relationships between human, biota and landscape. The Loptuq are today largely ignored or deleted from history for political reasons and are seldom, if at all, mentioned in modern sources about the Lop Nor area. Their experience and knowledge, however, could be useful today, in a period of rapid climate change, for others living in or at the fringe of expanding deserts.
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| 8. |
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| 9. |
- Kalle, Raivo, et al.
(författare)
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Early Citizen Science Action in Ethnobotany : The Case of the Folk Medicine Collection of Dr. Mihkel Ostrov in the Territory of Present-Day Estonia, 1891-1893
- 2022
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Ingår i: PLANTS. - : MDPI. - 2223-7747. ; 11:3
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Presently, collecting data through citizen science (CS) is increasingly being used in botanical, zoological and other studies. However, until now, ethnobotanical studies have underused CS data collection methods. This study analyses the results of the appeal organized by the physician Dr. Mihkel Ostrov (1863-1940), which can be considered the first-ever internationally known systematic example of ethnopharmacological data collection involving citizens. We aim to understand what factors enhanced or diminished the success of the collaboration between Ostrov and the citizens of that time. The reliability of Ostrov's collection was enhanced by the herbarium specimens (now missing) used in the identification of vernacular names. The collection describes the use of 65 species from 27 genera. The timing of its collection coincided with not only a national awakening and recently obtained high level of literacy but also the activation of civil society, people's awareness of the need to collect folklore, the voluntary willingness of newspapers to provide publishing space and later to collect data, and the use of a survey method focusing on a narrow topic. While Ostrov's only means of communication with the public was through newspapers, today, with electronic options, social media can also be used.
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| 10. |
- Lidström, Isak, et al.
(författare)
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Traditional sports and games among the Sami people in Northern Fennoscandia (Sapmi) : an ethnobiological perspective
- 2022
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Ingår i: Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine. - : Springer Nature. - 1746-4269. ; 18:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- IntroductionModern sports equipment is nowadays manufactured industrially according to globally accepted and standardized models, but traditionally tools for play and games were prepared from materials found in the local environment. The objective of this article is to investigate various aspects of Sami local knowledge about organisms used for their material culture of traditional sports and games in northern Fennoscandia (Sapmi). What functions did the surrounding biota have in the production of equipment used in sports and games?MethodsA qualitative method was used; the ethnographic literature and travel narratives have been analyzed particularly for descriptions and notes on traditional games, toys, and sports.ResultsBefore the turn of the twentieth century, bats, balls, and skis were seldom produced in factories, but by children and adults who utilized available materials from the surrounding environment. The manufacture of tools for play and games was characterized by a rich creativity in the use of various biological and natural resources. A wide range of such resources is presented in this article, among them the bracket fungus Fomitopsis betulina, used for making balls, reindeer antlers utilized for lassoing contests, and pine bark painted with reindeer blood, prepared for playing cards. We also highlight how tools usually associated with means of transport could switch functions and serve playful and competitive purposes, such as skis made of compression pine or walking sticks of birch: The former were used in skiing races, and the latter appeared in fencing competitions.ConclusionThe industrialization of the material culture of sports has been contributed to a loss of local knowledge and familiarity with locally available organic stuffs for producing equipment for play and games. By reconnecting with previous knowledge of traditional games, we discover a potentially new direction for modern sports and games, shifting from globalization to environmentalization. Such an environmentalization could permit the local environmental context define the content, meaning and structure of sports, and simultaneously enrich both sports and outdoor life.
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