| 1. |
- Svenmarck, Peter
(författare)
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Human Engineering of Sensor Fusion Systems in Fighter Aircraft
- 2001
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- A pressing concern in modern fighter aircraft cockpit design is how to present and reduce large amounts of data obtained from several sensor observations of the same object. Currently, sensor observations are presented individually as overlays or in different displays requiring the pilot to control each sensor and integrate observations. The increased number of sensors and communication networks covering extensive ranges has, however, led to a situation that hampers pilots' situation awareness and decision-making. One approach to support the pilot is automatic information management. Although considerable technological research has been conducted on automatic sensor fusion and process refinement, little is known about how to integrate systems capabilities with pilots' decision-making.This thesis focuses on the factors involved in pilots' control of sensor fusion systems for tracking, classifying,and identifying objects, which are presented on the indicators in the cockpit of fighter aircraft. A cognitive systems engineering perspective was applied, since sensor fusion systems by definition automate parts of the information management. The emphasis in cognitive systems engineering is to create a complementary role for technological solutions and operator competence. A comparison of two major programs on decision support systems shows that striking the right balance between available technology and pilot expertise is important for the development of useful systems.Since little research has directly addressed pilots' control of sensor fusion systems, a conceptual model is presented based on systems characteristics and a review of factors likely to be important. The model shows how pilots' mission goals specify a desired situation awareness that determines the control of sensors. Pilots' control sensor fusion systems by designating important objects and areas, and intervening on exceptions of an essentially autonomous system. The systems support pilots' situation awareness with visualization of information and by improving their evaluation of the situation. Remaining uncertainties that delay action are reduced with suitable strategies. A High Range Resolution (HRR) radar identification system was simulated and evaluated for further understanding of the uncertainty in target identity that is important for pilots. The interface for the HRR system shows how supervisory control of system performance, levels of control, and visualization of conflicts are general factors that may be important for control of sensor fusion systems.The thesis shows that an appropriate function allocation for automatic sensor management may have to consider pilots' individual differences in minimizing goal trees and characterizing situations. Such factors may be important for pilots' expectations on sensor management that makes them use and trust system inferences appropriately. Interviews with pilots can provide some understanding of the factors involved in sensor control. However, since many of the judgments and tactical patterns involved in pilots' decision making are overlearned for efficient automatic performance, they may not be able to explain their behavior in detail. The thesis shows that analyzing pilot performance using neurofuzzy models may be a useful way to describe how situations drive responses. The linguistic form of fuzzy rules gives an intuitive understanding of the relationship in a presentational form that can be integrated with sensor management control rules.
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| 2. |
- Bull, Peter, et al.
(författare)
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Förstudie obemannade farkoster
- 2012
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Rapport (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- Obemannade farkoster används allt oftare, och i allt fler roller, i dagens kon- flikter. Denna rapport ger en bred överblick över området militära obemannade farkoster, samt rekommendationer för inriktningen av framtida FoU-satsningar inom området.Överblicken över området har fokus på både system, förmågor och verksam- heter som är relevanta för Försvarsmakten. Genom att låta de insatsförmågor som definieras i FMUP (Försvarsmaktens utvecklingsplan) gå som en röd tråd genom rapporten, både när specifika system diskuteras och när möjliga scena- rier där obemannade farkoster kan vara till nytta beskrivs, har vi försökt hålla både bredd och relevans i dokumentet.Rekommendationerna vilar på en genomgång av de inriktningsdokument som producerats i Försvarsmakten, t.ex. Perspektivplanneringen och FMUP, besök vid de enheter som dagligen använder obemannade farkoster, UAV-enheten i Karlsborg och Swedec i Eksjö, samt den områdesöverblick som nämns ovan. Slutsatserna är att den effektivaste kompetensuppbyggnaden och kunskapsöver- föringen fås om man skapar breda tvärvetenskapliga projekt inom respektive systemkategori (UAV, UGV, etc) med nära kontakter till materielförsörjnings- processen och perspektivplaneringen. Dessa kan samla kompetensen inom FHS och FOI, övervaka forskningsfronten genom att bevaka tävlingar, konferenser samt delta i internationella samarbeten, samt överföra det samlade resultaten till Försvarsmakten genom demonstrationer av verkliga eller simulerade delsy- stem och interaktiva simuleringar av hela system. Just systemsimuleringar kan göras särskilt realistiska, eftersom interaktionen med de riktiga obemannade systemen till stor del sker igenom kontrollstationernas datorer. På så sätt ska- pas en känsla för både hot och möjligheter med de nya systemen, vilket gagnar både taktikutveckling och materielprocesser.
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| 3. |
- Helldin, Tove
(författare)
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Transparency for future semi-automated systems : effects of transparency on operator performance, workload and trust
- 2014
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- More and more complex semi-automated systems are being developed, aiding human operators to collect and analyze data and information and even to recommend decisions and act upon these. The goal of such development is often to support the operators make better decisions faster, while at the same time decrease their workload. However, these promises are not always fulfilled and several incidents have highlighted the fact that the introduction of automated technologies might instead increase the need for human involvement andexpertise in the tasks carried out.The significance of communicating information regarding an automated system's performance and to explain its strengths and limitations to its operators is strongly highlighted within the system transparencyand operator-centered automation literature. However, it is not common that feedback containing system qualifiers is incorporated into the primary displays of the automated system, obscuring its transparency. In this thesis, we deal with the investigation of the effects of explaining and visualizing system reasoning and performance parameters in different domains on the operators' trust, workload and performance. Different proof-of-concept prototypes have been designed with transparency characteristics in mind, and quantitative and qualitative evaluations together with operators of these systems have been carried out.Our results show that the effects of automation transparency can positively influence the performance and trust calibration of operators of complex systems, yet possibly at the costs of higher workload and longer decision-making times. Further, this thesis provides recommendations for designers and developers of automated systems in terms of general design concepts and guidelines for developing transparent automated systems for the future.
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| 4. |
- Woltjer, Rogier, et al.
(författare)
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Air Transport System Agility: The Agile Response Capability (ARC) Methodology for Crisis Preparedness
- 2022
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Ingår i: Infrastructures. - : MDPI AG. - 2412-3811 .- 2412-3811. ; 7:2, s. 11-11
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Aviation is a highly inter-connected system. This means that a problem in one area maycause effects in other countries or parts of the Air Transport System (ATS). Examples range from localair traffic disruptions to the 2010 volcanic ash crisis. Agility, like resilience, refers to the ability to copewith dynamics and complexity in a flexible manner, by adjusting and adapting performance and theorganization of work to fit changing demands. The aim of this work is to help ATS organizationswith increasing their agility in the face of crises and challenges. To this end, this article presents theAgile Response Capability (ARC) guidance material. ARC was developed from a literature study anda number of case studies that combined past event analysis, interviews, focus groups, workshops,questionnaires, and exercise observation methodologies. ARC aims to help aviation organizations toset up, run, and evaluate exercises promoting agility to handle disturbances and crises, and to enablestructured pro-active and retrospective analysis of scenarios and actual events. The elements andsteps of the ARC approach are illustrated and exemplified with data from three case studies. TheARC methodology facilitates more agile and resilient ways of responding to the fundamental andnovel surprises that have become almost commonplace in the past decade, and are likely to continueto do so.
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| 5. |
- Ögren, Petter, et al.
(författare)
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A New Control Mode for Teleoperated Differential Drive UGVs
- 2007
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Ingår i: PROCEEDINGS OF THE 46TH IEEE CONFERENCE ON DECISION AND CONTROL, VOLS 1-14. - 9781424414970 ; , s. 446-471
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper proposes a control mode that enables the users of teleoperated non-holonomic differential drive unmanned ground vehicles (UGVs) to interact with the unmanned vehicles in a new way. By introducing an intermediate control layer, a user interface that is very similar to so-called first person shooter (FPS) computer games, e.g. Doom and Half Life, can be created. The advantages of such interfaces is that they are intuitive, and that literally millions of potential future UGV-operators already have spent hundreds of hours training with them. The control mode gives the user direct control of the position and orientation of the on-board camera, while the actual orientation of the vehicle is abstracted away using feedback linearization. Thus, the idea is similar to using inverse kinematics to directly control the position and orientation of a robot arm gripper. The paper first describes the predominant direct vehicle control model, as well as the FPS interfaces. It is then shown how the proper choice of intermediate control layer can make the two equivalent
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| 6. |
- Ögren, Petter, 1974-, et al.
(författare)
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Design and implementation of a new teleoperation control mode for differential drive UGVs
- 2014
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Ingår i: Autonomous Robots. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0929-5593 .- 1573-7527. ; 37:1, s. 71-79
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this paper, we propose and implement a new control mode for teleoperated unmanned ground vehicles (UGVs), that exploits the similarities between computer games and teleoperation robotics. Today, all teleoperated differential drive UGVs use a control mode called Tank Control, in which the UGV chassis and the pan tilt camera are controlled separately. This control mode was also the dominating choice when the computer game genre First Person Shooter (FPS) first appeared. However, the hugely successful FPS genre, including titles such as Doom, Half Life and Call of Duty, now uses a much more intuitive control mode, Free Look Control (FLC), in which rotation and translation of the character are decoupled, and controlled separately. The main contribution of this paper is that we replace Tank Control with FLC in a real UGV. Using feedback linearization, the orientation of the UGV chassis is abstracted away, and the orientation and translation of the camera are decoupled, enabling the operator to use FLC when controlling the UGV. This decoupling is then experimentally verified. The developments in the gaming community indicates that FLC is more intuitive than Tank Control and reduces the well known situational awareness problem. It furthermore reduces the need for operator training, since literary millions of future operators have already spent hundreds of hours using the interface.
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