| 1. |
- Flach, Carl-Fredrik, 1977, et al.
(författare)
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Does antifouling paint select for antibiotic resistance?
- 2017
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Ingår i: Science of the Total Environment. - : Elsevier BV. - 0048-9697 .- 1879-1026. ; 590, s. 461-468
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- There is concern that heavy metals and biocides contribute to the development of antibiotic resistance via co-selection. Most antifouling paints contain high amounts of such substances, which risks turning painted ship hulls into highly mobile refuges and breeding grounds for antibiotic-resistant bacteria. The objectives of this study were to start investigate if heavy-metal based antifouling paints can pose a risk for co-selection of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and, if so, identify the underlying genetic basis. Plastic panels with one side painted with copper and zinc-containing antifouling paint were submerged in a Swedish marina and biofilms from both sides of the panels were harvested after 2.5-4 weeks. DNA was isolated from the biofilms and subjected to metagenomic sequencing. Biofilm bacteria were cultured on marine agar supplemented with tetracycline, gentamicin, copper sulfate or zinc sulfate. Biofilm communities from painted surfaces displayed lower taxonomic diversity and enrichment of Gammaproteobacteria. Bacteria from these communities showed increased resistance to both heavy metals and tetracycline but not to gentamicin. Significantly higher abundance of metal and biocide resistance genes was observed, whereas mobile antibiotic resistance genes were not enriched in these communities. In contrast, we found an enrichment of chromosomal RND efflux system genes, including such with documented ability to confer decreased susceptibility to both antibiotics and biocides/heavy metals. This was paralleled by increased abundances of integron-associated integrase and ISCR transposase genes. The results show that the heavy metal-based antifouling paint exerts a strong selection pressure on marine bacterial communities and can co-select for certain antibiotic-resistant bacteria, likely by favoring species and strains carrying genes that provide cross-resistance. Although this does not indicate an immediate risk for promotion of mobile antibiotic resistance, the clear increase of genes involved in mobilizing DNA provides a foundation for increased opportunities for gene transfer in such communities, which might also involve yet unknown resistance mechanisms.
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| 2. |
- Lundberg, Christina, et al.
(författare)
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Surgical treatment of obesity and excess risk of developing heart failure in a controlled cohort study
- 2022
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Ingår i: Esc Heart Failure. - : Wiley. - 2055-5822. ; 9:3, s. 1844-1852
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Aim We aim to assess the risk of heart failure in patients with obesity with and without gastric bypass surgery compared with population controls. Methods and results This cohort study included all patients aged 20-65 years with a first ever registered principal diagnosis of obesity in the Swedish Patient Register in 2001-2013. These patients were matched by age, sex, and region with two population controls from the general Swedish population without obesity diagnosis. The obesity cohort was divided into two groups: 27 882 patients who had undergone gastric bypass surgery within 2 years of obesity diagnosis and 39 564 patients who had not undergone such surgery. These groups were compared with 55 149 and 78 004 matched population controls, respectively. Cox regression provided hazard ratios (HR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI), adjusted for age, education, and sex. During follow-up (maximum 10 years, median 4.4 years, and interquartile range 2.5-7.2 years), 1884 participants were hospitalized for heart failure. Compared with population controls, gastric bypass patients had no excess risk of heart failure during the initial 0-<= 4 years of follow-up (HR = 1.35 [95% CI = 0.96-1.91]) but a marked increased risk during the final >4-10 years of follow-up (HR = 3.28 [95% CI = 2.25-4.77]). Non-operated patients with obesity had a marked excess risk of heart failure throughout the study period compared with population controls. Conclusions Gastric bypass for obesity seems to reduce the risk of heart failure to levels similar to the general population during the initial 4 years after surgery, but not thereafter.
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| 3. |
- Baden, Susanne P., 1952, et al.
(författare)
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Shift in seagrass food web structure over decades is linked to overfishing
- 2012
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Ingår i: Marine Ecology-Progress Series. - : Inter-Research Science Center. - 0171-8630 .- 1616-1599. ; 451, s. 61-73
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Empirical field studies in seagrass have revealed that overgrowth by filamentous algae which reduces seagrass growth can be explained by a top-down cascading effect caused by declines in top predators, which is enforced by eutrophication. On the Swedish west coast, 60% of the seagrass has disappeared since the 1980s. We hypothesised that overfishing, responsible for a >90% decline in the cod stock, and the 4 to 8 times increase in nutrient load since the 1930s have altered the seagrass structure and function during recent decades. We used quantitative samples from the 1980s and 2000s and analysed the trends in abundance of the 4 feeding guilds: top predatory fish, intermediate predatory fish, crustacean omnivores and mesoherbivores. Since the 1980s, the commercial catch of gadoids on the Swedish west coast has decreased by >90 %, and here we found that the biomass of top predators (gadoids and trout) that forage in seagrass has decreased by approximately 80%. In contrast, the biomass of intermediate predatory fish (gobids and sticklebacks) has increased 8 times during summer and 11 times during autumn, while mesoherbivores (idoteids and gammarids >7 mm) have more or less disappeared from the seagrass bed. We thus found clear evidence that a shift in seagrass food web structure has taken place over the last 3 decades. Combining these findings with our recent empirical results from field cage experiments in the Skagerrak seagrass, where we manipulate top-down and bottom-up regulation, we conclude that lack of grazers in concert with eutrophication most likely contributed to the overgrowth by filamentous algae and disappearance of the seagrass on the Swedish west coast.
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| 4. |
- Eckerström, Carl, et al.
(författare)
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Characteristic Biomarker and Cognitive Profile in Incipient Mixed Dementia.
- 2020
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Ingår i: Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD. - 1875-8908. ; 73:2, s. 597-607
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Research has shown that mixed dementia is more common than previously believed but little is known of its early stages.To examine if incipient mixed dementia can be differentiated from incipient Alzheimer's disease (AD) and subcortical ischemic vascular dementia (SVD) using neuropsychological tests, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) markers, and magnetic resonance imaging markers.We included 493 patients and controls from the Gothenburg MCI study and used the dementia groups for marker selection (CSF total-tau (T-tau), phospho-tau (P-tau), and amyloid-β42 (Aβ42), 11 neuropsychological tests, and 92 regional brain volumes) and to obtain cut-off values which were then applied to the MCI groups.Incipient mixed dementia was best differentiated from incipient AD by the Word fluency F-A-S test and the Trail making test A. CSF T-tau, P-tau, and Aβ42 differentiated incipient mixed dementia from incipient SVD.Incipient mixed dementia is characterized by an AD-like biomarker profile and an SVD-like cognitive profile. Incipient mixed dementia can be separated from incipient AD and incipient SVD using CSF markers and cognitive testing.
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| 5. |
- Eckerström, Marie, 1981, et al.
(författare)
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Longitudinal evaluation of criteria for subjective cognitive decline and preclinical Alzheimer's disease in a memory clinic sample.
- 2017
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Ingår i: Alzheimer's & Dementia. - : Wiley. - 1552-5260 .- 1552-5279. ; 16:8, s. 96-107
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Subjective cognitive decline (SCD) and biomarker-based "at-risk" concepts such as "preclinical" Alzheimer's disease (AD) have been developed to predict AD dementia before objective cognitive impairment is detectable. We longitudinally evaluated cognitive outcome when using these classifications.Memory clinic patients (n=235) were classified as SCD (n=122): subtle cognitive decline (n=36) and mild cognitive impairment (n=77) and subsequently subclassified into SCDplus and National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer's Association (NIA-AA) stages 0 to 3. Mean (standard deviation) follow-up time was 48 (35) months. Proportion declining cognitively and prognostic accuracy for cognitive decline was calculated for all classifications.Among SCDplus patients, 43% to 48% declined cognitively. Among NIA-AA stage 1 to 3 patients, 50% to 100% declined cognitively. The highest positive likelihood ratios (+LRs) for subsequent cognitive decline (+LR 6.3), dementia (+LR 3.4), and AD dementia (+LR 6.5) were found for NIA-AA stage2.In a memory clinic setting, NIA-AA stage 2 seems to be the most successful classification in predicting objective cognitive decline, dementia, and AD dementia.
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| 6. |
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| 7. |
- Hallgren, C., et al.
(författare)
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Validating a Simplified Lung Ultrasound Protocol for Detection and Quantification of Pulmonary Edema in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease Receiving Maintenance Hemodialysis
- 2023
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Ingår i: Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine. - : Wiley. - 0278-4297 .- 1550-9613. ; 42:9, s. 2013-2021
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objectives Pulmonary edema is a common clinical problem and lung ultrasound (LUS) presents an efficient method for evaluating this pathology. This study aims to investigate if a clinically efficient LUS protocol can quantify the level of extravascular lung fluid in patients receiving hemodialysis, and to develop a simplified B-line scoring system based on this protocol.Methods A simple 8-area LUS approach was used for the assessment of the extravascular fluid status in patients before, during, and after receiving hemodialysis. The LUS assessments were compared to the amount of removed fluid over time. To determine the best B-line score system, different scorings for each zone were tested in a linear mixed model with pseudo R-square model fit against removed fluid. The B-line score was further validated through correlations with changes in oxygen saturation, grade of dyspnea, and body weight over time.Results A total of 53 patients were included and examined on 108 hemodialysis occasions. Median fluid removal was 2.3 L. The B-line score model with best fit was a score of 0 points in a zone with 0 or 1 B-lines, 1 point with 2 or 3 B-lines, 2 points with 3 or more B-lines, and 3 points with any interstitial confluence. Using this B-line score, we found a significant association with amount of removed fluid, oxygen saturation, grade of dyspnea, and change in body weight.Conclusion A straightforward protocol for LUS and B-line score system was shown valid for quantification of pulmonary edema and fluid removal in hemodialysis patients. The scoring system developed here can be useful also in other patient groups, but this requires further validation.
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| 8. |
- Harkonen, T., et al.
(författare)
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Collapse of a Marine Mammal Species Driven by Human Impacts
- 2012
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Ingår i: Plos One. - : Public Library of Science (PLoS). - 1932-6203. ; 7:9
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Understanding historical roles of species in ecosystems can be crucial for assessing long term human impacts on environments, providing context for management or restoration objectives, and making conservation evaluations of species status. In most cases limited historical abundance data impedes quantitative investigations, but harvested species may have long-term data accessible from hunting records. Here we make use of annual hunting records for Caspian seals (Pusa caspica) dating back to the mid-19th century, and current census data from aerial surveys, to reconstruct historical abundance using a hind-casting model. We estimate the minimum numbers of seals in 1867 to have been 1-1.6 million, but the population declined by at least 90% to around 100,000 individuals by 2005, primarily due to unsustainable hunting throughout the 20th century. This collapse is part of a broader picture of catastrophic ecological change in the Caspian over the 20th Century. Our results combined with fisheries data show that the current biomass of top predators in the Caspian is much reduced compared to historical conditions. The potential for the Caspian and other similar perturbed ecosystems to sustain natural resources of much greater biological and economic value than at present depends on the extent to which a number of anthropogenic impacts can be harnessed.
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| 9. |
- Olausson, Alexander, et al.
(författare)
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Total opioid-free general anaesthesia can improve postoperative outcomes after surgery, without evidence of adverse effects on patient safety and pain management : a systematic review and meta-analysis
- 2022
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Ingår i: Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica. - : Wiley-Blackwell Publishing Inc.. - 0001-5172 .- 1399-6576. ; 66:2, s. 170-185
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: Opioid-based treatment is used to manage stress responses during surgery and postoperative pain. However, opioids have both acute and long-term side-effects, calling for opioid-free anaesthetic strategies. This meta-analysis compares adverse events, postoperative recovery, discharge time from post-anaesthesia care unit, and postoperative pain, nausea, vomiting, and opioid consumption between strict opioid-free with opioid-based general anaesthesia.METHODS: We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis. We searched PubMed, Embase, Cinahl, Cochrane Library, selected reference lists, and Google Scholar. We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) published between January 2000 and February 2021 with at least one opioid-free study arm, i.e. no opioids administered preoperatively, during anaesthesia induction, before skin closure, or before emergence from anaesthesia.RESULTS: The study comprised 1934 patients from 26 RCTs. Common interventions included laparoscopic gynaecological surgery, upper gastrointestinal surgery, and breast surgery. There is firm evidence that opioid-free anaesthesia significantly reduced adverse post-operative events (OR 0.32, 95% CI 0.22 to 0.46, I2 =56%, p<0.00001), mainly driven by decreased nausea (OR 0.27, (0.17 to 0.42), p<0,00001) and vomiting (OR 0.22 (0.11 to 0.41), p<0.00001). Postoperative opioid consumption was significantly lower in the opioid-free group (-6.00 mg (-8.52 to -3.48), p<0.00001). There was no significant difference in length of post-anaesthesia care unit stay and overall postoperative pain between groups.CONCLUSIONS: Opioid-free anaesthesia can improve postoperative outcomes in several surgical settings without evidence of adverse effects on patient safety and pain management. There is a need for more evidence-based non-opioid anaesthetic protocols for different types of surgery as well as postoperative phases.
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| 10. |
- Paul, N. A., et al.
(författare)
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Simple Growth Patterns Can Create Complex Trajectories for the Ontogeny of Constitutive Chemical Defences in Seaweeds
- 2014
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Ingår i: Plos One. - : Public Library of Science (PLoS). - 1932-6203. ; 9:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- All of the theory and most of the data on the ecology and evolution of chemical defences derive from terrestrial plants, which have considerable capacity for internal movement of resources. In contrast, most macroalgae - seaweeds - have no or very limited capacity for resource translocation, meaning that trade-offs between growth and defence, for example, should be localised rather than systemic. This may change the predictions of chemical defence theories for seaweeds. We developed a model that mimicked the simple growth pattern of the red seaweed Asparagopsis armata which is composed of repeating clusters of somatic cells and cells which contain deterrent secondary chemicals (gland cells). To do this we created a distinct growth curve for the somatic cells and another for the gland cells using empirical data. The somatic growth function was linked to the growth function for defence via differential equations modelling, which effectively generated a trade-off between growth and defence as these neighbouring cells develop. By treating growth and defence as separate functions we were also able to model a trade-off in growth of 2-3% under most circumstances. However, we found contrasting evidence for this trade-off in the empirical relationships between growth and defence, depending on the light level under which the alga was cultured. After developing a model that incorporated both branching and cell division rates, we formally demonstrated that positive correlations between growth and defence are predicted in many circumstances and also that allocation costs, if they exist, will be constrained by the intrinsic growth patterns of the seaweed. Growth patterns could therefore explain contrasting evidence for cost of constitutive chemical defence in many studies, highlighting the need to consider the fundamental biology and ontogeny of organisms when assessing the allocation theories for defence.
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