| 1. |
- Hartung, Kerstin, 1989-
(författare)
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Paths to improving atmospheric models across scales : The importance of the unresolved scales
- 2018
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Correct representation of physical processes, the parametrizations, and their interaction with the resolved circulation is crucial for the performance of numerical models. Here, focus is put on understanding model biases and developing tools to alleviate existing biases. Atmospheric blocking can divert the typical atmospheric flow for several days up to weeks and thereby impacts the mean climate of the region experiencing blocking. Models typically underestimate the frequency of atmospheric blocking. Based on results from the global climate model EC-Earth, it is found that the atmospheric model resolution is not strongly influencing the representation of atmospheric blocking once the grid reaches about 80 km grid length in the horizontal. Updating several physical parametrizations, and thereby the model version, is the largest contributor to advancements in simulating atmospheric blocking. The importance of the topography for the large-scale atmospheric flow is further investigated with the reanalysis ERA-Interim by applying a simplified theoretical analysis. It is found that the idealized topographic forcing theory can explain some part of the observed large-scale properties of the flow, though the method does mainly produce relative results. The explained part of the large-scale structure is increased during periods of northwesterly flow and when the flow impinges the mountain ridge almost orthogonally.Small-scale processes acting in air masses transported from midlatitudes to the Arctic are also discussed. Numerical models often struggle with representing the stable conditions in the Arctic and tend to underestimate the downward longwave impact during cloudy conditions. A comparison of single-column models (SCMs) indicates that most models can capture the bimodal longwave distribution which develops from alternating cloudy and clear-sky conditions. SCMs are often used for model development as they allow to decouple the parametrized physical processes from the large-scale environment and enable many parameter sensitivity tests. A new tool is presented which can be used for the development of physical parametrizations in marine and polar conditions. It combines one-dimensional models of the atmosphere and ocean, including sea-ice, into a coupled atmosphere-ocean SCM (AOSCM). The presented setup constitutes an advantage compared to SCMs of one component because the coupling is directly modelled and the interaction between the respective boundary layers does not dependent on prescribed boundary conditions.
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| 2. |
- Avby, Gunilla
(författare)
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Evidence in practice : On knowledge use and learning in social work
- 2015
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Against the backdrop of the transformations in the entire framing of professional work, social work has come under close scrutiny in many countries, including Sweden. Doubts have been raised about practitioners’ existing knowledge base, and the importance of practitioners engaging in learning and the renewal and extension of professional capacities has been emphasized.The present thesis concerns knowledge use and learning in the daily practices of child investigation work. The aim is to explore processes of knowledge use and learning in practice. The study is based on a mix of qualitative approaches, basically from ethnography, comprising methods such as participant observations, interviews, reflective dialogues and documentary analysis of case data.The main findings demonstrate that investigation work is characterized mainly by the use of practice-based knowledge. Research-based knowledge is predominantly used as a means of explaining a client’s situation or to underpin and legitimize one’s own beliefs and decisions made on other grounds. Professional learning is largely adaptive in character, as the social workers learn to handle tasks in a fairly routinized way on the basis of rules or procedures that draw on existing knowledge in the practice setting.Two conclusions are drawn: First, the use of knowledge in child investigation work bears little resemblance to principles of evidence-based practice. Second, the reproduction of professional knowledge is largely implicit and taken for granted. The study offers insight into the much-discussed topic of putting knowledge into practice, which is of importance to strategies for organizing profes sional learning and knowledgeable practice.
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| 3. |
- Karlsson, Johannes, 1978-
(författare)
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The influence of clouds on Earth's radiation budget in global climate models
- 2009
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Considering the high sensitivity of climate to changes in cloudiness, the way clouds might change in a perturbed climate is important for the total temperature response. In fact, the cloud feedback has been identified as the main uncertainty in future projections, as simulated by global climate models. To increase the confidence of future scenario simulations it is necessary, although not sufficient, that the models manage to represent the present-day climate in a realistic manner. We compare the simulations of cloudiness to available observations in the marine subtropics and the Arctic, two regions in which changes in cloudiness are believed to have large impact on the climate. In terms of the annual cycle of Arctic cloud properties, climate models show large disagreement with each other and with observations. There exists a tentative across-model relationship, such that models with higher amounts of clouds in the winter are also associated with larger surface cloud forcing. However, across-model differences in the wintertime surface cloud forcing cannot explain differences in the simulated surface temperatures. Rather, we identify across-model differences in temperature and moisture properties of the air entering the Arctic region to be of greater importance. We find that climate models in general underestimate the amount of low clouds in the marine subtropics but still overestimate the regional averaged cloud radiative cooling. As a consequence we suggest that models are likely to overestimate the radiative response to changes in the cloudiness. We also demonstrate the potential of satellite derived cloud top heights to be used as model diagnostics in the climatologically important transition from stratus-topped to cumulus-topped marine boundary layers in the subtropics.
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| 4. |
- Ranjha, Muhammad Raza, 1984-
(författare)
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Global Climatology and Regional Modeling of Coastal Low-Level Jets
- 2013
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Localized coast-parallel wind-speed maxima at low altitude, known as coastal low-level jets (CLLJs) have important ramifications to the coastal climate and a number of human activities. This thesis documents the existence of the CLLJs around the globe including their mesoscale structure, dynamics and spatio-temporal variability.A CLLJ-detection algorithm is presented, which identifies their occurrence and can distinguish between CLLJs and other types of low-level wind maxima. The method is based on vertical profiles of wind speed and temperature, and is applied to the ERA-Interim reanalysis dataset to obtain a 31-year-CLLJ climatology. Coastal jets are found to exist on many continents, including the previously undocumented CLLJs along the coasts of Oman and Iberian Peninsula. The study highlights a pronounced seasonality among the CLLJ regions and links to large-scale flow. The Oman coastal jet exhibits the globally highest CLLJ frequency (~70%).The thesis also includes detailed analysis of the Oman and Iberian CLLJs using high-resolution regional modeling by dynamical downscaling. The Oman CLLJ is located close to the coast, at low altitude and is forced primarily by the coastal baroclinicity, unlike the previously known Somali-Jet, driven by the Asian summer-monsoon circulation. Although on a large-scale, the Oman CLLJ and the Somali jet appear to merge, the high-resolution simulations clearly illustrate that these are two distinctive phenomena with different forcing. The 20-year-climatology of the Iberian CLLJ reveals a strong seasonality with large inter-annual variations within spring, summer and autumn seasons while the maximum CLLJ frequency is found during the summer. Regional modeling studies were able to resolve detailed mesoscale structure of CLLJs, not visible from the coarse resolution reanalysis climatology. It is concluded that 6-km horizontal resolution can reproduce most of the small-scale features in a reasonable manner.
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| 5. |
- Svensson, Jacob, 1978-
(författare)
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Boundary Layer Parametrization in Numerical Weather Prediction Models
- 2015
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Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Numerical weather prediction (NWP) and climate models have shown to have a challenge to correctly simulate stable boundary layers and diurnal cycles. This aim of this study is to evaluate, describe and give suggestions for improvements of the descriptions of stable boundary layers in operational NWP models. Two papers are included. Paper I focuses on the description of the surface and the interactions between the surface and the boundary layer in COAMPSR, a regional NWP model. The soil parametrization showed to be of great importance to the structure of the boundary layer. Moreover, it showed also that a low frequency of radiation calculations caused a bias in received solar energy at the surface.In paper II, the focus is on the formulation of the turbulent transport in stable boundary layers. There, an implementation of a diffusion parametrization based on the amount of turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) is tested in a single column model (SCM) version of the global NWP model Integrated Forecast System (IFS). The TKE parametrization turned out to behave similarly as the currently operational diffusion parametrization in convective regimes and neutral regimes, but showed to be less diffusive in weakly stable and stable conditions. The formulations of diffusion also turned out to be very dependent on the length scale formulation. If the turbulence and the gradients of wind temperature and wind are weak, the magnitude of turbulence can enter an oscillating mode. This oscillation can be avoided with the use of a lower limit of the length scale.
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| 6. |
- Woods, Cian, 1986-
(författare)
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The role of high-latitude circulation and moisture transport in Arctic climate variability and change during winter
- 2016
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This thesis examines the connections between atmospheric circulation in the high-latitudes, northward moisture transport, and Arctic climate variability and change during winter. An event based approach is taken by objectively defining phenomena termed “moisture intrusions” -- filamentary flows of anomalously moist air which originate at 70°N and cross the entire Arctic basin. They typically emanate from within the poleward advecting branches of mid-latitude cyclones held in place by blocking patterns to the east. Moisture intrusions contribute only a minority of the total northward moisture transport at 70°N, yet drive a significant proportion of the inter annual variability in surface temperature and downward longwave radiation over the entire polar cap. A positive trend in the frequency of these events, in response to a moistening of the atmosphere, is shown to have driven approximately 45% and 35% of the observed warming and sea ice decline in the Barents Sea during Dec-Jan over the past two decades. Moisture intrusions act to erode the temperature inversion and thus contribute to bottom amplified warming even in the absence of sea ice loss. Negative sea ice anomalies induced by intrusions persist for up to weeks at a time -- promoting upward turbulent heat fluxes and further bottom amplified warming. Systematic biases in the statistics of moisture intrusions are discovered in the CMIP5 models. The biases are predominantly a result of misrepresentation of the intense moisture fluxes and are almost entirely due to biases in the meridional velocity. Moisture intrusion biases explain only about 17% of the temperature bias in the Atlantic sector. The predicted biases, while small in amplitude, are very highly correlated with the true biases in the models however, suggesting that the temperature bias directly induced by misrepresented intrusion statistics may be strongly amplified by sea ice feedback. A analysis of the uncertainties in computed turbulent air-sea flux (TASF) climatologies arising due to the parameterisation of bulk formulae is also presented. TASF climatologies are computed over a series of sensitivity experiments using surface state variables from ERA-Interim. The largest source of uncertainty is related to the computation of the transfer coefficients and hence the choice of bulk algorithm itself. The majority of parameter approximations have small impacts when tested individually, but can lead to large disagreements when implemented in tandem.
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| 7. |
- Alfredson, Jens, 1970-
(författare)
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Differences in Situational Awareness and How to Manage Them in Development of Complex Systems
- 2007
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Situationsmedvetenhet (Eng. Situational Awareness), (SA), handlar om att ha koll på läget och vara medveten om vad som händer. Redan då ett komplext system utvecklas får vi en möjlighet att påverka vilken SA en framtida användare av systemet kan komma att få. Det gäller att ta tillvara på detta tillfälle! Ibland uppträder skillnader i SA, beroende på en rad olika orsaker. Denna avhandling handlar om SA och hur man kan använda de skillnaderna vid utveckling av komplexa system. Detta är relevant vid utveckling av en rad olika typer av komplexa system, även om de flesta exempel i denna avhandling kommer från flygdomänen.Avhandlingen innehåller beskrivningar hämtade från litteratur inom området och förslag på utveckling av SA-teori utifrån fokus på just skillnader. Skillnaden mellan vad du behöver vara medveten om och vad du verkligen är medveten om föreslås ge en indikation om individens SA. Vidare föreslås skillnaden mellan vad du är medveten om och vad du tror dig vara medveten om också ge en indikation om individens SA. SA kan skattas för en grupp av människor som arbetar tillsammans, genom variationerna i hur samstämmiga deras uppfattningar är.Termen situationshantering (Eng. Situation Management), (SM), föreslås med en vidare mening än SA, inkluderande SA, men också varje del av perceptionscykeln, hantering av mentala resurser och hantering av situationen genom extern påverkan. SM är en väl lämpad term vid utveckling av komplexa system då fokus här är på situationen och hur den kan hanteras, snarare än fokus på vad en individ eller en grupp uppfattar.Att skatta skillnader i SA och att kunna särskilja olika typer av skillnader är viktiga förutsättningar för att kunna hantera skillnader i SA vid utveckling av komplexa system på ett bra sätt. I avhandlingen gås flera sätt att skatta sådana skillnader igenom och speciellt tas för- och nackdelar med ögonrörelsemätning upp. Med referens till litteraturen och till de bilagda artiklarna beskrivs skillnader i SA beroende på a) designalternativ, b) roller i processen från utveckling till användning c) kontext och d) analysnivå. Skillnaderna i SA föreslås ses som både kvantitativa (dvs. hög eller låg SA) och kvalitativa (tex. olika aspekter av en situation).Ansatser såsom SM, realtidsvärdering, mätning och analys av SA på flera nivåer samtidigt samt simulatorbaserad design föreslås för att hantera skillnader i SA vid utveckling av komplexa system.
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| 8. |
- Frey, Lena, 1986-
(författare)
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Aerosol-cloud-radiation interactions in global climate models
- 2019
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Clouds can reflect, absorb and re-emit radiation, thereby inducing a cooling or warming effect on the climate. However, the response of clouds to a changing climate is highly uncertain and the representation of clouds in state-of-the-art climate models remains a key challenge for future climate projections. Factors contributing to this uncertainty include processes on the microphysical scale involving aerosol particles with the size of just a few nanometers to micrometers. This thesis focuses on the representation of aerosol-cloud-radiation interactions in global climate models. Using idealized experiments from a model-intercomparison project with different anthropogenic aerosol forcings, it was found that both sulfate and non-sulfate aerosols yield an increase in cloud albedo in five regions of subtropical marine stratocumulus clouds. The changes in cloud albedo in the models were driven by changes in the cloud droplet number concentration and liquid water content. Further, it was found that the microphysical coupling of underlying aerosol-cloud interactions in models seems to dominate on the monthly timescale in subtropical marine stratocumulus regions, which can not be confirmed in observations. Quantifying the effect of aerosols on cloud properties in observations remains challenging. In addition, comparisons with satellite retrievals and the global climate model NorESM showed that this model is not able to capture elevated aerosol above cloud, seen in observations in two regions of marine stratocumulus clouds. Sensitivity experiments revealed that the model is most sensitive to the aerosol emissions, convection and wet scavenging in terms of the vertical aerosol distribution. Finally, the representation of aerosol absorption in global climate models was investigated. It was found that most of the models underestimate absorption by aerosols in a focus domain in Asia. Sensitivity studies with NorESM give rise to variations that lie within the large inter-model diversity.
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| 9. |
- Jonsson, Herbert
(författare)
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Haikai Poetics : Buson, Kitō and the Interpretation of Renku Poetry
- 2006
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The dissertation is a study of the poetics of haikai in eighteenth-century Japan. It is more specifically concerned with the works of Yosa Buson and some of his followers. Rather than being a study of certain poems, it is an investigation of theories of aesthetics and composition, and of criticism. Most studies of haikai focus on the short haiku (or hokku) form, but the present study is more concerned with the core form of this poetry, the long chains of verses called "renku" or "haikai no renga".One important object of this study is to challenge some of the established views of haikai found in modern scholarship. For this purpose, many standpoints of haikai theory have been found useful, since they often approach questions of interpretation from new and unexpected angles. Theoretical stances that stress convention and traditionalism are criticized and the spirit of haikai is found to be more in concord with theories of cognitive poetics.The dissertation consists of three parts. The first is a study of general haikai theory. In this part are discussed theories of aesthetics, theories of creativity, and a few questions related to the interpretation of this kind of poetry. This discussion focuses on those questions that are central in Buson’s own writing on poetics and puts them into a broader context.The second part deals with practical theories of renku composing. An introductory chapter gives a historical background to many concepts used in Buson’s age, and this is followed by a full translation and critical study of a renku treatise written by his disciple Takai Kitō.The last part is an investigation of modern criticism written on Buson’s renku. All existing full-length studies of these poems are discussed in comparison. The absence of a long critical tradition concerning Buson’s renku has, in many cases, prevented the formation of established interpretations, and this is ideal for a study of this kind.
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| 10. |
- Li, Xiang-Yu (李翔宇), 1990-
(författare)
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Droplet growth in atmospheric turbulence : A direct numerical simulation study
- 2018
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This Ph.D. thesis examines the challenging problem of how turbulence affects the growth of cloud droplets in warm clouds. Droplets grow by either condensation or collision. Without turbulence, the condensation process driven by a uniform supersaturation field is only efficient when droplets are smaller than 15 μm (radius). Gravitational collision becomes effective when the radius of droplets is larger than 50 μm. The size gap of 15–50 μm, in which neither condensation nor collision processes dominate droplet growth, has puzzled the cloud microphysics community for around 70 years. It is the key to explaining the rapid warm rain formation with a timescale of about 20 minutes. Turbulence has been proposed to bridge this size gap by enhancing droplet growth processes, and thereby, to explain rapid warm rain formation. Since cloud–climate interaction is one of the greatest uncertainties for climate models, the fundamental understanding of rapid warm rain formation may help improve climate models.The condensational and collisional growth of cloud droplets in atmospheric turbulence is essentially the problem of turbulence-droplet interaction. However, turbulence alone is one of the unresolved and most challenging problems in classical physics. The turbulence–droplet interaction is even more difficult due to its strong nonlinearity and multi-scale properties in both time and space. In this thesis, Eulerian and Lagrangian models are developed and compared to tackle turbulence–droplet interactions. It is found that the Lagrangian superparticle model is computationally less demanding than the Eulerian Smoluchowski model.The condensation process is then investigated by solving the hydrodynamic and thermodynamic equations using direct numerical simulations with droplets modeled as Lagrangian particles. With turbulence included, the droplet size distribution is found to broaden, which is contrary to the classical theory without supersaturation fluctuations, where condensational growth leads to progressively narrower droplet size distributions. Furthermore, the time evolution of droplet size distributions is observed to strongly depend on the Reynolds number and only weakly on the mean energy dissipation rate. Subsequently, the effect of turbulence on the collision process driven by both turbulence and gravity is explored. It is found that the droplet size distribution depends moderately on the mean energy dissipation rate, but is insensitive to the Reynolds number. Finally, the effect of turbulence on the combined condensational and collisional growth is investigated. In this case, the droplet size distribution is found to depend on both the Reynolds number and the mean energy dissipation rate. Considering small values of the mean energy dissipation rate and high Reynolds numbers in warm clouds, it is concluded that turbulence enhances the condensational growth with increasing Reynolds number, while the collision process is indirectly affected by turbulence through the condensation process. Therefore, turbulence facilitates warm rain formation by enhancing the condensation process, which predominantly depends on the Reynolds number.
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