| 1. |
- Andersson, Jan, 1965-, et al.
(författare)
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Regeringsuppdrag synfält : utredning om förutsättningar för undantag från de medicinska kraven för individer med synfältsbortfall
- 2022
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- I regeringsuppdraget (I2021/ 02412) framgår att VTI, i samarbete med Trafikverket och Transportstyrelsen, ska utreda förutsättningarna för undantagshantering från de medicinska föreskrifterna med avseende på synfältsbortfall (B-körkort). Vidare ska tre aspekter beaktas: hur andra länder gör, konsekvenser för den enskilde samt samhällsekonomiska konsekvenser. Slutrapporten påvisar att Sverige med gällande rättsligt ramverk inte kan genomföra de förslag som slutrapporten föreslår. Det innebär att det kommer att krävas juridiska förändringar. Givet att dessa förändringar genomförs och att ett nytt förfaringssätt nyttjas visar slutrapporten på att a) positiva effekter för den enskilde individen uppstår, b) samhällsekonomiska vinster uppstår och c) en rättssäker och rättvis prövning är möjlig. Slutrapporten redovisar dessutom hur ett urval av andra länder har hanterat handläggningen av individer med synfältsbortfall givet samma EU-direktiv som Sverige regleras av. Det framgår också av undersökningen att samtliga länder, som en förutsättning för undantag från de föreskrivna kraven avseende synfält, tillämpar krav eller rekommendationer om att ett praktiskt körprov ska utgöra del i underlaget för bedömning av körförmågan. Kunskapsläget med avseende på körförmågebedömningar för individer med synfältsbortfall redovisas och där framgår med tydlighet att perimetrin som Sverige utnyttjar som underlag för återkallelse av körkort inte kan predicera individers körförmåga. Perimetrin är dock viktig eftersom individer med synfältsbortfall som grupp kan vara olämpliga förare. Slutsatsen som forskningslitteraturen enstämmigt lyfter är att det behövs förarprov (på väg eller i en simulator) för att kunna genomföra en valid bedömning. Slutligen innehåller slutrapporten vilka problem (aktiviteter) som kvarstår för att skapa en lämplig och kvalitetssäkrad process. Dessutom presenteras den kronologiska ordning på aktiviteter som behöver genomföras. Kronologin krävs eftersom resultatet av lämplig metod och aktör påverkar det vidare arbetet med avseende på utformning av körprov och rättsligt ramverk. Slutrapportens slutsats är att Sverige har möjligheten att genomföra en förändring med avsevärda nyttor. Detta eftersom de valda aktörerna och de valda metoderna existerar idag och därför endast behöver utvecklas i viss mån för att säkerställa att individer med synfältsbortfall erbjuds en kvalitetssäkrad, rättssäker och rättvis process som dessutom bedöms vara samhällsekonomiskt lönsam.
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| 2. |
- Andersson, Henrik, et al.
(författare)
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Traffic noise effects of property prices : hedonic estimates based on multiple noise indicators
- 2015
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Valuation of traffic noise abatement based on hedonic pricing models of the property market has traditionally measured the noise as the equivalent, or another average, level. What is not captured in such a noise indicator is the maximum noise level of a vehicle passage. In this study, we incorporate the maximum noise level in the hedonic model letting the property price depend on both the equivalent noise level and the maximum noise level. Hedonic models for both rail and road noise are estimated. Data consists of characteristics of sold properties, property-specific noise calculation, and geographical variables.We use the hedonic approach to estimate the marginal willingness to pay (WTP) for maximum noise abatement where we model the effect as the maximum noise level subtracted with the equivalent noise level. Furthermore, we control for the equivalent noise level in the estimations. The estimated results show that including the maximum noise level in the model has influence on the property prices, but only for rail and not for road. This means that for road we cannot reject the hypothesis that WTP for noise abatement is based on the equivalent noise level only. For rail, on the other hand, we estimate the marginal WTP for the maximum noise level and it turns out to be substantial. Also, the marginal WTP for the equivalent noise levels seems to be unaffected by the inclusion of the maximum noise level in the model. More research of this novel topic is requested though.
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| 3. |
- Björklund, Gunilla, 1973-, et al.
(författare)
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Estimating policy values for in-vehicle comfort and crowding reduction in local public transport
- 2017
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Ingår i: Transportation Research Part A. - : Elsevier. - 0965-8564 .- 1879-2375. ; 106, s. 453-472
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study estimates policy values for comfort, defined as getting a seat, and crowding reduction on board local public transport in Sweden. We use stated-preference (SP) data and present crowding as a mode-neutral crowding level among the standing travelers depicted in images presented to the respondents. We analyze whether there are differences in the willingness to pay (WTP) for comfort and crowding reduction among the three largest urban areas in Sweden. In general, we find no significantly different preferences for sitting and crowding reduction among the three urban areas. Still, the point estimates differ in some cases, indicating that there may be differences across the three urban areas, but the estimates have large confidence intervals that overlap each other. Also, these differences are likely to have resulted from mode-share differences and not from differences in preferences across the urban areas. Some significant differences are found among the modes, for example, a higher disutility of standing on a bus versus on a tram. These mode-specific estimates can be used as policy values for a given tram line or metro line. Nevertheless, we also pooled the data suggesting average WTP estimates for sitting and crowding reductions that can be used for national cost–benefit analysis policy in all large urban areas in Sweden where crowding on local public transport occurs. Importantly, analysis of heterogeneity and SP-design differences shows that the results are in line with empirical knowledge of the value of travel time savings.
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| 4. |
- Eliasson, Jonas, 1969-, et al.
(författare)
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Distributional effects of taxes on car fuel, use, ownership and purchases
- 2018
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Ingår i: Economics of Transportation. - : ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV. - 2212-0122 .- 2212-0130. ; 15, s. 1-15
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We analyse distributional effects of four car-related tax instruments: an increase of the fuel tax, a new kilometre tax, an increased CO2-differentiated vehicle ownership tax, and a CO2-differentiated purchase tax on new cars. Distributional effects are analysed with respect to income, lifecycle category, and spatial dimensions. The analysed taxes are progressive over most of the income distribution, but barely regressive if the highest and lowest incomes are included. However, the fraction of the population who suffer substantial welfare losses relative to income is much higher in lower income groups. We also study revenue recycling schemes; when these are included, the combined effect of tax and recycling is progressive. Considering geographical differences; rural areas carry a larger burden of fuel and vehicle taxes than urban areas, and satellites/suburbs carry a larger burden than central cities. However, rural areas are affected remarkably similar regardless of where in the country they are located.
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| 5. |
- Lindgren, Samuel, 1990-
(författare)
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Pollution, Health and Housing Markets : Essays on the Consequences of Environmental Policy
- 2021
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The objective of the thesis is to estimate the health and housing market effects of environmental policies and estimate how these effects are distributed among individuals.The first essay estimates the health effects of a noise mitigation program that provided dwelling insulation and noise barriers. The analysis is based on hospitalization records and an event study model that compares disease rates for residents in treated homes to residents with similar attributes in untreated homes. Results show that noise mitigation reduced the risk of a cardiovascular disease by 12–14 percent after ten years. Effects are driven by a reduced risk of hypertension and stroke and occur primarily among those with lower income and education levels.The second essay investigates the impact of the same noise mitigation program on property prices. Using records on sales prices and property attributes in a difference-in-difference model, I estimate the price effect to be 10–12 percent, with larger price effects for homes with poor initial exterior quality. Price gains are smaller for top earners, since they sort to high-quality properties that benefit less from noise mitigation.The third essay examines how information about pollution affects neighborhood composition and households' choice of housing quality. Combining data on sales prices, property attributes and household demographics, I find that the announcement of an airport concession renewal induced higher-income households to sort away from the area exposed to airport pollution. Higher-income households that located to the area selected homes with better quality. These results help reconcile mixed findings on residential sorting behavior in the literature.The fourth essay estimates the effect of shipping emission standards on air quality and health. The tightening of the sulfur emission standard reduced concentrations of sulfur dioxide by 22 percent and fine particles by 6 percent. In the subsample with air quality readings, the risk of low birthweight dropped by 7 percent.
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| 6. |
- Nerhagen, Lena, 1963-, et al.
(författare)
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Externa kostnader för luftföroreningar och buller från trafiken på det statliga vägnätet : kunskapsläget och tillgången på beräkningsunderlag i Sverige samt några beräkningsexempel
- 2015
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Detta notat presenterar resultatet av en studie där forskarna beräknat marginella externa kostnader för luftföroreningar och buller med den metod som utvecklats och används inom EU för detta syfte. Beräkningarna avser trafiken på statliga vägar på landsbygd och tätort. Beräkningar har genomfört för några typtätorter med avseende på befolkningstäthet. För luftföroreningar visar resultaten att kostnaden per kg utsläpp i tätort är 1 689,6 kr/kg för lätta fordon och 1 262,4 kr/kg för tunga i exemplet Storstockholm. Skillnaden beror på att tunga fordon oftare färdas på vägar på större avstånd från bebyggelse. Räknat per fordonskilometer blir kostnaden för tunga fordon större eftersom deras utsläpp är högre. På landsbygd är kostnaden för lätta fordon 140,8 kr/kg och 138 kr/kg för tunga. Denna kostnad varierar med geografiskt område. Den är lägre i de norra delarna av landet än i söder, vilket beror på att befolkningstätheten skiljer sig åt. För buller visar resultatet att ett ytterligare lätt fordon per fordonskilometer kostar från 0,005 kronor i glest befolkad tätort till 0,136 kronor i tätbefolkad tätort. För tunga fordon är denna marginalkostnad från 0,033 kronor till 0,932 kronor. Genomsnittligt över hela det statliga vägnätet, det vill säga även inklusive ren landsbygd, är marginalkostnaden 0,017 kronor för lätta fordon och 0,090 kronor för tunga fordon. Således är det tydligt att buller-marginalkostnaderna är differentierade med avseende på fordonstyp och antalet exponerade i form av tätortstyp. Resultaten i denna studie ligger i nivå med de som rekommenderas i en av EU framtagen handbok men de är lägre än de som används i svensk infrastrukturplanering. Utifrån resultaten kan forskarna konstatera att det finns ett antal frågor som är viktiga att studera vidare rörande marginalkostnader för luftföroreningar och buller. En given fråga är samvariationen mellan luftföroreningar och buller och hur effektsambanden för hälsoeffekter ser ut när exponering av båda dessa miljöproblem finns. Även hur spridningen och hur bebyggelsestruktur påverkar är viktigt att undersöka närmare.
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| 7. |
- Pyddoke, Roger, 1956-, et al.
(författare)
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Differences in the effects of fuel price and income on private car use in Sweden 1999-2008
- 2015
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The objective of this paper is to analyse how the use of privately owned cars in Sweden varies across a number of background parameters including fuel price, disposable income, car purchase cost index, children over 18, employment and the car owners’ distance to work. These factors are analysed separately for men and women, individuals living in urban, rural and sparsely populated areas as well as disposable income quartiles. In particular the adaptation of car use of low income car owners in rural and sparsely populated areas to fuel cost and disposable income variations is analysed. Register data of the whole population in Sweden taken from the Swedish tax authorities for 1999-2008 as well as kilometre readings from the National Vehicle Inspection is used. This allows tracking individual changes in car use over ten years as well as to contrast car use in rural and sparsely populated areas to car use in urban areas. Car use is modelled with a dynamic panel data specification, permitting proper methods to deal with endogeneity problems. Small geographical differences in the sensitivity to variations in disposable income are found. For fuel cost on the other hand, there is a tendency towards higher price sensitivity in rural areas especially in the two lowest income quartiles. In sparsely populated areas, there is no higher sensitivity of fuel price compared to urban areas. The income elasticity of car use is fairly small and decreases with increasing disposable income. This latter finding is compatible with the hypothesis of car driving saturation in the rich countries around the world. The car travel elasticity with respect to fuel price is estimated to be between -0.2 and -0.4 in the short run. Here the pattern is as expected with decreasing fuel-price elasticity with increasing income.
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| 8. |
- Pyddoke, Roger, 1956-, et al.
(författare)
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Distributional effects from policies for reduced CO2-emissions from car use in 2030
- 2021
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Ingår i: Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment. - : Elsevier BV. - 1361-9209 .- 1879-2340. ; 101
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We analyze the distributional effects, from car use and car choice adaptation to three car-related policy instruments intended to reduce CO2 emissions in Sweden to 2030: fossil-fuel taxes, a bonus-malus system for new cars, and mandated biofuel blending. The results show that even with a fast introduction of plug-in electric vehicles, many fossil cars remain, which has important distributional consequences. The fuel tax and the bonus-malus scenarios impose further burdens compared to the reference scenario. The fraction of each population group incurring substantial welfare losses is higher the lower the income. In 2030, the highest-income group can avoid some adaptation costs by their car choice. In all scenarios rural areas bear the largest burden, smaller urban areas the second largest burden, and the largest urban areas the smallest burden. Thus, individuals with high incomes and inhabitants in urban areas appear to have more opportunities to adapt and avoid welfare losses.
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| 9. |
- Pyddoke, Roger, 1956-, et al.
(författare)
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Long-term responses to car-tax policies : distributional effects and reduced carbon emissions
- 2019
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- We analyze the long-term effects on the car fleet and welfare distribution of three car-related policy instruments intended to reduce CO2 emissions: increased fossil-fuel taxes, an intensified bonus-malus system for new cars, and increased mandated biofuel blending. The effects on the car fleet are analyzed in terms of energy source, weight, and CO2 emissions. Distributional effects are analyzed in terms of income and geographical residence areas. The increased fuel taxes reduce CO2 emissions by 36%, mainly through less driving of fossil-fuel cars. The intensified bonus-malus system for new cars reduces CO2 emissions by 5%. Both these policies shift the car fleet toward increased shares of electric vehicles and increased average weight. Increased mandated biofuel blending has no estimated effect on the car fleet unless prices increase differently from in the reference scenario. The two first policy instruments are weakly progressive to slightly regressive over most of the income distribution, but barely regressive if the highest income group is also included. The fraction of each population group incurring substantial welfare losses is higher the lower the income group. In the geographical dimension, for all policies the rural areas bear the largest burden, small cities the second largest burden, and large cities the smallest burden. The burden in the long term versus the short term is lower for high-income earners and urban residents.
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| 10. |
- Pyddoke, Roger, 1956-, et al.
(författare)
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The influence of demand incentives in public transport contracts on patronage and costs in medium sized Swedish cities
- 2017
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The objective to reduce carbon emissions has inspired Swedish regional public transport authorities (RPTA) to adopt a goal of doubling public transport patronage from 2006 to 2020. Several measures have been used to achieve this goal. Increasing the public transport supply and increasing the share of contract payments tied to demand incentives are among them. The purpose here is to examine the effect of demand incentives on patronage in tendered bus contracts, controlling for other factors that affect public transport patronage, with panel data for 17 medium sized Swedish cities from 1997 to 2011. In the data for a subset of 10 cities from 2000 to 2011 the number of trips increased by 36 percent, the supply of bus kilometers by 38 percent, the revenues per boarding with 49 percent and the total costs with 106 percent.The analysis does not find any statistically significant effects of demand incentives on either patronage or costs. In the demand models, only the effect of the price variable is significant and has the expected sign. In the cost models, all control variables have the expected signs and most are significant. Surprisingly, the estimate of the coefficient of the output variable bus kilometers is not significant. These results indicate that the combination of limited freedom for operators to influence important variables that determine demand and the demand incentives that were used during the observed period, were insufficient to give statistically significant effects.Contrary to the assumption that appears to underlie the recommendations of a subcommittee of the Swedish Public Transport Association current demand incentives appear to be ineffective. This suggests that a revision of the recommendations for the design of public transport contracts may be called for.
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