| 1. |
- Khatin-Zadeh, Omid, et al.
(författare)
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Metaphors of time across cultures
- 2023
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Ingår i: Journal of Cultural Cognitive Science. - : Springer Nature. - 2520-100X. ; 7, s. 219-231
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- TIME is a highly abstract concept and prevalent in languages worldwide. Cross-cultural and cross-linguistic research suggests that TIME is embodied dissimilarly in different languages. Still the literature has not received sufficient attention in examining the differences. This study aimed to identify and compare how TIME is metaphorically represented and embodied worldwide. We investigated 14 languages; Arabic, Assamese, Chinese, English, Finnish, French, German, Japanese, Kikuyu, Persian, Polish, Russian, Spanish, and Swedish, which represent nine language families. The metaphors were categorized conceptually as TIME IS AN ORGANISM, TIME IS MOTION, TIME IS SPACE, and TIME IS A VALUABLE COMMODITY. We employed a two-part paper-based task. The first part consisted of generation of metaphor items and the second part consisted of a valence rating task. The key variables considered were 'metaphor category' and 'language family' while controlling for demographic variables such as gender, age and handedness. Data from 513 participants were collected. Results showed a significant association between language categories and the valences of time metaphors. The data of this study suggest that within the languages of a certain category, there might be some similarity between the valences of words that are used to realize a given conceptual metaphor.
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| 2. |
- Nilsson, Mats E., et al.
(författare)
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Psychoacoustic evidence for stronger discrimination suppression of spatial information conveyed by lag-click interaural time than interaural level differences
- 2019
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Ingår i: Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. - : Acoustical Society of America (ASA). - 0001-4966 .- 1520-8524. ; 145:1, s. 512-524
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Listeners have limited access to spatial information in lagging sound, a phenomenon known as discrimination suppression. It is unclear whether discrimination suppression works differently for interaural time differences (ITDs) and interaural level differences (ILDs). To explore this, three listeners assessed the lateralization (left or right) and detection (present or not) of lag clicks with a large fixed ITD (350 mu s) or ILD (10 dB) following a diotic lead click, with inter-click intervals (ICIs) of 0.125-256 ms. Performance was measured on a common scale for both cues: the lag-lead amplitude ratio [dB] at 75% correct answers. The main finding was that the lateralization thresholds, but not detection thresholds, were more strongly elevated for ITD-only than ILD-only clicks at intermediate ICIs (1-8 ms) in which previous research has found the strongest discrimination suppression effects. Altogether, these findings suggest that discrimination suppression involves mechanisms that make spatial information conveyed by lag-click ITDs less accessible to listeners than spatial information conveyed by lag-click ILDs.
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| 3. |
- Preis, Anna, et al.
(författare)
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Audio-visual interaction of environmental noise
- 2016
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Ingår i: Noise Control Engineering Journal. - 0736-2501 .- 2168-8710. ; 64:1, s. 34-43
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Currently research into the psychological evaluation of noise in daily life is car- ried out without taking into account the sense of sight. The human senses interact with each other; thus some information coming from one sense can be skipped or ignored in favor of information coming from another sense, leading to completely different reactions or behavior. The aim of this paper is to verify, on the basis of psychophysical experiments, how a human being processes audio-visual informa- tion coming from the different environmental noises which can be encountered in daily life. The experiment was divided into three parts: auditory, visual, and audio-visual. In each part of the experiment, the ICBEN scale (0–10) was used to rate the presented stimuli. In the first part only audio stimuli were pre- sented, and subjects were asked to rate their annoyance with the sound. In the second part of the experiment, the participants were asked to rate how pleasant the presented video clips were. Finally, in the last part of the experiment, parti- cipants were presented with a compatible and incompatible mix of audio and visual stimuli and asked to rate their annoyance. We found that several audio stimuli were assessed differently, to a significant extent, by listeners after video clips were added to them. © 2016 Institute of Noise Control Engineering.
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| 4. |
- Szychowska, Malina, et al.
(författare)
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Effects of sound pressure level and visual perceptual load on the auditory mismatch negativity
- 2017
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Ingår i: Neuroscience Letters. - : Elsevier BV. - 0304-3940 .- 1872-7972. ; 640, s. 37-41
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Auditory change detection has been studied extensively with mismatch negativity (MMN), an event-related potential. Because it is unresolved if the duration MMN depends on sound pressure level (SPL), we studied effects of different SPLs (56, 66, and 76 dB) on the duration MMN. Further, previous research suggests that the MMN is reduced by a concurrent visual task. Because a recent behavioral study found that high visual perceptual load strongly reduced detection sensitivity to irrelevant sounds, we studied if the duration MMN is reduced by load, and if this reduction is stronger at low SPLs. Although a duration MMN was observed for all SPLs, the MMN was apparently not moderated strongly by SPL, perceptual load, or their interaction, because all 95% CIs overlapped zero. In a contrast analysis of the MMN (across loads) between the 56-dB and 76-dB groups, evidence (BF = 0.31) favored the null hypothesis that duration MMN is unaffected by a 20-dB increase in SPL. Similarly, evidence (BF = 0.19) favored the null hypothesis that effects of perceptual load on the duration MMN do not change with a 20-dB increase in SPL. However, evidence (BF = 3.12) favored the alternative hypothesis that the effect of perceptual load in the present study resembled the overall effect in a recent meta-analysis. When the present findings were combined with the meta-analysis, the effect of load (low minus high) was −0.43 μV, 95% CI [−0.64, −0.22] suggesting that the duration MMN decreases with load. These findings provide support for a sensitive monitoring system of the auditory environment.
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| 5. |
- Szychowska, Malina, 1991-
(författare)
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Effects of visual load on auditory processing
- 2020
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In daily life, people need to be able to focus on a task while ignoring any task-irrelevant background noise. For example, people who work in an open-space office may have to work on a report while ignoring the background talk among co-workers. Theories of attention argue that processing of task-irrelevant auditory information should become attenuated when attentional capacity is exhausted by task-relevant stimuli, for example a visual task. According to early-filter theory, top-down attenuation of auditory responses is possible at various stages of the auditory pathway through multiple recurrent loops. Furthermore, the adaptive filtering model of selective attention suggests that filtering occurs early when concurrent visual tasks are demanding (e.g., high load) and late when tasks are easy (e.g., low load).The main aim of this thesis was to investigate whether auditory processing is attenuated during concurrent visual load manipulation, and if so, at which stage of the auditory pathway. Recurrent loops that are present throughout the entire auditory pathway should allow top-down modulation of even earliest responses, especially when accompanied by a highly demanding task. Recording these auditory responses during concurrent visual tasks with different levels of load could potentially show at which stages of auditory processing the filtering happens when the task demands are high or low, or there is no task at all.This thesis tested the effects of visual load manipulation on the responses originating from different stages of the auditory pathway: mismatch negativity (MMN) to duration in Study I, MMN to frequency in Study III, auditory steady-state responses (ASSRs) to a 40-Hz modulation frequency in Study IV, and ASSRs to 20-, 40-, and 80-Hz modulation frequencies in Study V. Additionally, Study II compared different control conditions (cascade vs. no-repetition control) for evoking MMN to find a design that reduces confounds in the MMN. Results of Study II showed that cascade and no-repetition control are comparable control conditions for evoking MMN.For the effects of visual load manipulation on auditory MMN (low vs. high load), results showed moderate evidence for the effect of load on duration MMN and moderate evidence for no effect of load on frequency MMN. However, results for the duration MMN might be confounded by physical differences between the low load and high load conditions in the visual task, and by a biased oddball paradigm used to evoke the MMN. Thus, it is most likely that auditory MMN is not affected by visual load (low vs. high).For the effects of visual load on ASSRs (no, low, and high load), results showed moderate to strong evidence for no effects of load manipulation on ASSRs, but some comparisons were inconclusive. The convincing evidence obtained in Studies IV and V points to the robustness of ASSRs against visual load manipulation.Because it is most likely that neither MMN nor ASSRs are affected by visual load manipulation, results presented in this thesis support the idea that attentional resources are modality specific. Because it is possible that filtering occurs at one stage of auditory processing and does not change with the concurrent task demands, the present results do not rule out the early-filter theory. However, results are inconsistent with the adaptive filtering model because filtering of task-irrelevant responses does not vary with the demands of the concurrent task.
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| 6. |
- Szychowska, Malina, 1991-, et al.
(författare)
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Visual load does not decrease the auditory steady‐state response to 40‐Hz amplitude‐modulated tones
- 2020
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Ingår i: Psychophysiology. - : Wiley. - 0048-5772 .- 1469-8986. ; 57:12
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The auditory pathway consists of multiple recurrent loops of afferent and efferent connections that extend from the cochlea up to the prefrontal cortex. The early-filter theory proposes that these loops allow topdown filtering of early and middle latency auditory responses. Furthermore, the adaptive filtering model suggests that filtering of irrelevant auditory stimuli should start lower in the pathway during more demanding tasks. If so, the 40-Hz auditory steady state responses (ASSRs) to irrelevant sounds should be affected by top-down crossmodal attention to a visual task, and effects should vary with the load of the visual task. Because few studies have examined this possibility, we conducted two preregistered studies that manipulated visual load (Study 1: N = 43, Study 2: N = 45). Study 1 used two levels (low and high), and Study 2 used four levels (no, low, high, and very high). Subjects were asked to ignore a 500-Hz taskirrelevant tone that was amplitude-modulated to evoke 40-Hz ASSRs. Results from Bayesian analyses provided moderate to extreme support for no effect of load (or of task) on ASSRs. Results also supported no interaction with time (i.e., over blocks, over minutes, or with changes in ASSRs that were synchronized with the onset of the visual stimuli). Further, results provided moderate support for no correlation between effects of load and working memory capacity. Because the present findings support the robustness of ASSRs against manipulations of crossmodal attention, they are not consistent with the adaptive filtering model.
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| 7. |
- Szychowska, Malina, 1991-, et al.
(författare)
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Visual load effects on the auditory steady state responses to 20-, 40-, and 80-Hz amplitude-modulated tones
- 2021
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Ingår i: Physiology & Behavior. - : Elsevier BV. - 0031-9384. ; 228
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Ignoring background sounds while focusing on a visual task is a necessary ability in everyday life. If attentional resources are shared between modalities, processing of task-irrelevant auditory information should become attenuated when attentional capacity is exhausted by visual demands. According to earlyfilter theory, top-down attenuation of auditory responses is possible at various stages of the auditory pathway through multiple recurrent loops. Furthermore, the adaptive filtering model of selective attention suggests that filtering occurs early when concurrent visual tasks are demanding (e.g., high load) and late when tasks are easy (e.g., low load). This study examined effects of visual load on auditory steady state responses (ASSRs) to determine where in the auditory pathway the filtering occurs. Subjects performed a visual task with three levels of load (no, low, and high) while ignoring task-irrelevant sounds. The auditory stimuli were 500-Hz tones amplitude-modulated at 20 Hz, 40 Hz, or 80 Hz to target different processing stages of the auditory pathway. Results from bayesian analyses suggest that ASSRs are unaffected by visual load. These findings also suggest that attentional resources are modality specific and that the attentional filter of auditory processing does not vary with visual task demands.
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| 8. |
- Wiens, Stefan, et al.
(författare)
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Cascade and no-repetition rules are comparable controls for the auditory frequency mismatch negativity in oddball tasks
- 2019
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Ingår i: Psychophysiology. - : Wiley. - 0048-5772 .- 1469-8986. ; 56:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The mismatch negativity (MMN) has been widely studied with oddball tasks to index processing of unexpected auditory change. The MMN is computed as the difference of deviant minus standard and is used to capture the pattern violation by the deviant. However, this oddball MMN is confounded because the deviant differs physically from the standard and is presented less often. To improve measurement, the same tone as the deviant is presented in a separate condition. This control tone is equiprobable with other tones and is used to compute a corrected MMN (deviant minus control). Typically, the tones are in random order except that consecutive tones are not identical (no-repetition rule). In contrast, a recent study on frequency MMN presented tones in a regular up-and-down sequence (cascade rule). If the cascade rule is detected more easily than the no-repetition rule, there should be a lower risk of a confounding MMN within the cascade condition. However, in previous research, the cascade and no-repetition conditions differed not only in the regularity of the tone sequence but also in number of tones, frequency range, and proportion of tones. We controlled for these differences to isolate effects of regularity in the tone sequence. Results of our preregistered analyses provided moderate evidence (BF01>6) that the corrected MMN did not differ between cascade and no-repetition conditions. These findings imply that no-repetition and cascade rules are processed similarly and that the no-repetition condition provides an adequate control in frequency MMN.
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| 9. |
- Wiens, Stefan, et al.
(författare)
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Data on the auditory duration mismatch negativity for different sound pressure levels and visual perceptual loads
- 2017
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Ingår i: Data in Brief. - : Elsevier BV. - 2352-3409. ; 11, s. 159-164
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The data presented in this article are related to our research article entitled “Effects of sound pressure level and visual perceptual load on the auditory mismatch negativity” (M. Szychowska, R. Eklund, M.E. Nilsson, S. Wiens, 2016) [1]. The duration MMN was recorded at three sound pressure levels (SPLs) during two levels of visual perceptual load. In an oddball paradigm (standard=75 ms, deviant=30 ms, within-subjects design), participants were presented with tones at 56, 66, or 76 dB SPL (between-subjects design). At the same time, participants focused on a letter-detection task (find X in a circle of six letters). In separate blocks, perceptual load was either low (the six letters were the same) or high (the six letters differed). In the first data collection, tones had only 76 dB SPL [2]. In a follow-up data collection with exactly the same procedure, tones had 56 and 66 dB SPL [1]. Here, we report the procedure, the recording of electroencephalography (EEG) and its preprocessing in terms of event-related potentials (ERPs), the preprocessing of behavioral data, as well as the grand mean ERPs in figures. For each participant, the reported ERP data include mean amplitudes for standards, deviants, and the difference wave (MMN) at Fz (with tip of nose as a reference), separately for the combinations of SPL and load. Reported behavioral data include the signal-detection measure d’ as an index of detection performance.
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| 10. |
- Wiens, Stefan, et al.
(författare)
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Electrophysiological correlates of in vivo and virtual reality exposure therapy in spider phobia
- 2022
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Ingår i: Psychophysiology. - : Wiley. - 0048-5772 .- 1469-8986. ; 59:12
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Specific phobia can be treated successfully with exposure therapy. Although exposure therapy has strong effects on self-reported ratings and behavioral avoidance, effects on measures derived from electroencephalography (EEG) are scant and unclear. To fill this gap, spider-phobic individuals received either in-vivo or virtual reality exposure treatment. Patients were tested twice (one week before and after treatment), and control subjects once. In each session, EEG was recorded to spider pictures as well as other positive, negative, and neutral pictures. During EEG recording, participants performed a simple detection task while task-irrelevant pictures were shown in the background. The task was used to reduce potential confounding effects from shifts of attention. After the task, subjects were shown the pictures again and rated each in terms of their emotional reaction (arousal and pleasantness). The results showed that before treatment, patients rated spiders as more negative than did control subjects. Patients also showed elevated early posterior negativity (EPN) and late positive potential (LPP) to spiders. After treatment, the negative emotional ratings of spiders were substantially reduced. Critically, Bayesian analyses suggested that EPN and LPP were unaffected by treatment and that the treatment groups did not differ in their responses (EPN, LPP, and ratings). These findings suggest that the effects of in vivo and virtual reality exposure therapy are similar and that the initial stages of motivated attention (EPN and LPP) are unaffected by treatment.
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